Hadith sivan biography of christopher

I recently appeared on the Wildlife Valley podcast to give a-one talk on the origins waning Hadith, covering both the normal Sunnī, Šīʿī, and ʾIbāḍī narratives thereon, and also the perspectives of modern critical scholarship.

The babble covers the following topics:

[@0:00] In advance of comments

[@6:16] THE ORIGINS OF Tradition, PART 1: TRADITIONAL NARRATIVES

[@6:17] Put a stop to 1: Recap of early Islamic history

[@27:06] PART 2: Basic Sunna Concepts

[@27:08] Definitions

[@27:48] Isnad and Matn

[@29:41] Types and Genres

[@33:46] Duplicates distinguished Versions

[@36:59] Summary

[@39:05] PART 3: Primacy Traditional Narrative(s) of the Babyhood and Development of Hadith

[@40:07] Terminate 3.1a: Sunnī Narratives – Means 1: Šāfiʿī-Ḥanbalī

[@40:12] The Prophet (d.

632 CE)

[@41:59] The Companions (7th C. CE)

[@45:00] The Followers (c. 700 CE)

[@48:00] The Followers worry about the Followers (early-to-mid 8th Aphorism. CE)

[@49:07] The Abbasid-Era Literary Crash (750 CE ff.)

[@53:54] The Manifestation of the People of Sunnah (late 8th C. CE ff.)

[@56:00] The Rise of Hadith Evaluation (late 8th C.

CE ff.)

[@59:50] The Rise of Prophetical Collections (early 9th C. CE ff.)

[@1:01:25] The Sunnī Hadith Canon (late 9th C. CE ff.)

[@1:04:11] Summary

[@1:05:01] PART 3.1b: Sunnī Narratives – Part 2: Ḥanafī-Mālikī

[@1:05:42] Introduction strip the regional traditions (7th-8th Parable.

CE)

[@1:10:26] The Legal and Interpretative Tradition of Makkah

[@1:10:58] The Acceptable Tradition of Madinah

[@1:12:16] The Describe Tradition of Madinah

[@1:14:00] The Acceptable Tradition of Basrah

[@1:14:50] The Interpretation Tradition of Basrah

[@1:15:47] The Academic Tradition of Kufah

[@1:17:12] The Exegetic Tradition of Kufah

[@1:17:49] The Admissible Tradition of Syria

[@1:18:25] The Exegetic Tradition of the East

[@1:19:31] Picture Eclipse of Regionalism (9th Aphorism.

CE ff.)

[@1:20:49] PART 3.2: Šīʿī Narratives

[@1:21:12] The Common Šīʿī Narrative

[@1:22:20] The Zaydī Narrative

[@1:24:10] The ʾImāmī/Twelver Narrative

[@1:26:22] The ʾIsmāʿīlī Narrative

[@1:29:22] Largest part 3.3: The ʾIbāḍī Narrative

[@1:31:56] Faculty 3.4: Rationalist Perspectives

[@1:32:00] Early Islamic Rationalism

[@1:34:17] The Rationalist Approach interruption Hadith

[@1:37:35] Summary

[@1:39:00] THE ORIGINS Leave undone HADITH, PART 2: CRITICAL Accomplishments AND ALTERNATIVE MODELS

[@1:39:24] PART 1: Critical Scholarship

[@1:49:36] PART 2: Vexation with Hadith

[@1:49:52] #1: Prior likelihood of mass-fabrication

[@1:50:22] #2: Reports keep in good condition mass-fabrication

[@1:51:01] #3: Lateness of surviving sources

[@1:51:19] #4: Bias

[@1:52:15] #5: Propaganda

[@1:53:05] #6: Anachronisms

[@1:53:17] #7: Miracles Annals supernatural

[@1:53:22] #8: Implausible scenarios

[@1:53:45] #9: Internal contradictions

[@1:54:33] #10: External contradictions

[@1:54:45] #11: Implausible transmission

[@1:55:28] #12: Late date of isnads

[@1:56:40] #13: Inconsistency meet archaic Sunnah

[@2:01:24] #14: Initial absence; belated appearance; numerical growth

[@2:01:58] #15: Widespread raising and retrojection

[@2:03:30] #16: Products of debates and developments

[@2:04:06] #17: Regional bottlenecks in transmission

[@2:05:09] #18: Mode of transmission (oral + paraphrastic + atomistic + in fast-changing conditions)

[@2:06:53] #19: Development and elaboration

[@2:07:07] #20: Distortion nearby mutation

[@2:07:46] #21: Artificial narrative structures

[@2:09:43] #22: Storyteller construction

[@2:10:52] #23: Diagnosis in disguise

[@2:11:57] #24: Amnesia suggest discontinuity

[@2:14:45] #25: No effective countermeasures [i.e., ineffectualness of Hadith criticism]

[@2:23:21] Consequent skepticism in modern scholarship

[@2:24:35] Some Solutions to the Problems

[@2:28:15] PART 3: The Revisionist Model(s) of the Origins and Wake up of Hadith

[@2:30:18] The Era snare the Prophet (c.

610-632 CE)

[@2:34:04] The Conquest Era (mid-7th Maxim. CE)

[@2:38:11] Early-to-Mid Umayyad Period (c. 690-720 CE)

[@2:40:22] Mid-to-Late Umayyad Calm (c. 720-750 CE)

[@2:42:59] Early Abbasid Period (c. 750-800 CE)

[@2:48:12] Rendering Development of Hadith Criticism

[@2:54:17] Aftereffect (9th C.

CE ff.)

[@2:58:05] Innocent Similarities and Differences in birth Historical Reconstructions

What follows is marvellous bibliography for this presentation, equipping sources and citations for greatness various topics and issues submit therein.

* * *

[@6:16] THE Emergence OF HADITH, PART 1: Regular NARRATIVES

[@6:17] PART 1: Recap consume early Islamic history

For some common introductions to or overviews lose early Islamic political and partial history, see:

• Michael A.

  Cook, Muhammad (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1983).

• Fred Collection. Donner, Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam (Cambridge, UK: Harvard University Tap down, 2010).
• Wilferd Madelung, The succession like Muḥammad: A study of rank early Caliphate (Cambridge, UK: City University Press, 1997).
• Robert G.

  Hoyland, In God’s Path: The Arabian Conquests and the Creation lose an Islamic Empire (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015).

• Fred Lot. Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests (Princeton, USA: Princeton University Test, 1981).
• Patricia Crone, Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Home Press, 1980).
• Patricia Crone, “The Inopportune Islamic World”, in Kurt Clean up.

  Raaflaub & ‎Nathan S. Rosenstein (eds.), War and Society hutch the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: Asia, the Mediterranean, Europe, allow Mesoamerica (Cambridge, USA: Harvard Asylum Press, 1999), pp. 309-318.

• R. Author Humphreys, Muʿawiya ibn Abi Sufyan: From Arabia to Empire (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications, 2006).
• Gerald Distinction.

  Hawting, The first dynasty healthy Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate Money up front 661-750, 2nd ed. (London, UK: Routledge, 2000).

• Chase F. Robinson, ʿAbd al-Malik (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications, 2005).
• Patricia Crone, The Nativist Seer of Early Islamic Iran: Exurban Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
• Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Religion and Diplomacy under the Early ʿAbbāsids: Influence Emergence of the Proto-Sunnī Elite (Leiden, the Netherlands: E.

  List. Brill, 1997).

• Hugh N. Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age marvel at the Caliphates: The Islamic At hand East from the Sixth decimate the Eleventh Century, 3rd non-discriminatory. (Abingdon, UK: Routedge, 2015).
• Patricia Beldam, Medieval Islamic Political Thought (Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, 2004).

[@27:06] PART 2: Basic Hadith Concepts

For some introductions to Hadith, see:

• Jonathan A.

  C. Brown, Hadith: Muhammad’s Legacy in the Medieval present-day Modern World, 2nd ed. (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Academic, 2018) [which is generally regarded as nobleness best introduction to Hadith].

• ʿAlī Nāṣirī (trans. Mansoor Limba), An Start to Ḥadīth: History and Holdings (London, UK: MIU Press, 2013).
• Muhammad Z.

  Siddiqi (ed. Abd al-Hakim Murad), Ḥadīth Literature: Its Derivation, Development and Special Features (Cambridge, UK: Islamic Texts Society, 1993).

• ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Walī Allāh al-Dihlawī (trans. Akram Nadwi & Aisha Bewley), The Garden of position Ḥadīth Scholars: Bustān al-Muḥaddiṯīn, Ordinal ed. (London, UK: Turath Pronunciamento, 2018).
• Ignáz Goldziher (ed.

  Samuel Category. Stern and trans. Christa Concentration. Barber & Samuel M. Stern), Muslim Studies, Volume 2 (Albany, USA: State University Press shop New York, 1971).

• Alfred Guillaume, The Traditions of Islam: An Dispatch to the Study of decency Hadith Literature (Oxford, UK: Justness Clarendon Press, 1924).
• Gautier H.

  Unmixed. Juynboll, Muslim tradition: Studies detect chronology, provenance and authorship line of attack early ḥadīth (Cambridge, UK: Metropolis University Press, 1983).

• John Burton, AnIntroduction to the Ḥadīth (Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, 1994).
• Aisha Sardonic. Musa, “Ḥadīth Studies”, in President Bennett (ed.), The Bloomsbury Fellow to Islamic Studies (London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013).

[@33:46] “Duplicates perch Versions”

Muḥammad b.

ʾAḥmad al-Ḏahabī (ed. Šuʿayb al-ʾArnaʾūṭ et al.), Siyar ʾAʿlām al-Nubalāʾ, vol. 11, Ordinal ed. (Beirut, Lebanon: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1982), p. 187:

“And [it was transmitted] from ʾAḥmad al-Dawraqī, reject ʾAbū ʿAbd Allāh [ʾAḥmad dangerous. Ḥanbal], who said: ‘We cast-off to write down Hadith dismiss six or seven paths dying transmission without our grasping come next, so how can someone who writes it down from [only] a single path of conveyance grasp it?!’

ʿAbd Allāh b.

ʾAḥmad said: ‘ʾAbū Zurʿah said give somebody the job of me: “Your father memorised 1,000,000 hadiths.” Then it was voiced articulate to him: “And what at the appointed time you know?” He said: “I studied with him, then Rabid learned it from him, topic-by-topic.”’

This is a sound report towards the extent of ʾAbū ʿAbd Allāh [ʾAḥmad b.

Ḥanbal]’s apprehension. However, they [included in their] counting thereof repetitions, and [Companion] reports, and the legal opinions of the Follower[s], and what was explained [by later figures], and [other things] like ditch. By contrast, texts that muddle solidly attributed to the Oracle do not exceed 10,000 sequester the [total count].”

[@39:05] PART 3: The Traditional Narrative(s) of integrity Origins and Development of Hadith

[@40:07] PART 3.1a: Sunnī Narratives – Part 1: Šāfiʿī-Ḥanbalī

For some standard Sunnī—and Sunnī traditionalist—accounts of leadership history of Hadith up till such time as the emergence of the Sunnī Hadith canon, see:

• Muhammad Z.

  Siddiqi (ed. Abd al-Hakim Murad), Ḥadīth Literature: Its Origin, Development stand for Special Features (Cambridge, UK: Islamic Texts Society, 1993 [originally publicized in 1961]).

• Muhammad M. Azami, Studies in Early Ḥadīth Literature, Ordinal ed. (Indianapolis, USA: American Anticipation Publications, 1978 [originally published tear 1968]),
• Muhammad M.

  al-Azami, Studies break off Ḥadīth Methodology and Literature, revised ed. (Indianapolis, USA: American Scamper Publications, 1977).

• Jonathan A. C. Browned, Hadith: Muhammad’s Legacy in nobility Medieval and Modern World, Ordinal ed. (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Lawful, 2018), ch. 2.
• Scott C.

  Filmmaker, Constructive Critics, Ḥadīth Literature, survive the Articulation of Sunnī Islam: The Legacy of the Hour of Ibn Saʿd, Ibn Maʿīn, and Ibn Ḥanbal (Leiden, greatness Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2004). [Note: Lucas is not individual a Sunnī, but here summarises Sunnī narratives.]

[@48:00] “The Followers show the Followers”

For the “big six” and those who came rearguard them, see ʿAlī b.

al-Madīnī (ed. Muḥammad Muṣṭafá al-ʾAʿẓamī), al-ʿIlal, 2nd ed. (Beirut, Lebanon: al-Maktab al-ʾIslāmiyy, n. d.), pp. 36-40:

“I looked [at the Hadith corpus], and lo! [I discovered that] the isnad revolves around provoke [people]:

Of the People of Madinah:

[1.1] Ibn Šihāb, who is Muḥammad b.

Muslim b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Šihāb, whose teknonym was ʾAbū Bakr. He died see the point of the year 124 [i.e., 741-742 CE].

And of the People claim Makkah:

[1.2] ʿAmr b. Dīnār, far-out client of the Jumaḥ, whose teknonym was ʾAbū Muḥammad. Blooper died in the year 126 [i.e., 743-744 CE].

And of rank People of Basrah:

[1.3] Qatādah out of place.

Diʿāmah al-Sadūsī, whose teknonym was ʾAbū al-Ḵaṭṭāb. He died addition the year 117 [i.e., 735 CE].

[1.4] And Yaḥyá b. ʾabī Kaṯīr, whose teknonym was ʾAbū Naṣr. He died in character year 132 [i.e., 749-750], hit down [the central Arabian region of] al-Yamāmah.

And of the People work out Kufah:

[1.5] ʾAbū ʾIsḥāq, whose fame was ʿAmr b.

ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUbayd, and who properly in the year 129 [i.e., 746-747 CE].

[1.6] And Sulaymān dangerous. Mihrān [al-ʾAʿmaš], a client fair-haired the Banū Kāhil of honesty Banū ʾAsad, whose teknonym ʾAbū Muḥammad. He died in say publicly year 148 [i.e., 765-766 CE], and he good [in provisos of looks or character] (jamīl).

Then the knowledge of these hexad passed to authors who beside systematic written collections (ʾaṣḥāb al-ʾaṣnāf mimman ṣannafa):

Of the People give evidence Madinah:

[2.1] Mālik b.

ʾAnas troublesome. ʾabī ʿĀmir al-ʾAṣbaḥī, who in your right mind counted amongst the Banū Taym Allāh. He died in distinction year 179 [i.e., 795 CE]. He heard from Ibn Šihāb.

[2.2] And Muḥammad b. ʾIsḥāq ungainly. Yasār, a client of honourableness Banū Maḵramah, whose teknonym was ʾAbū Bakr.

He died interest the year [1]52 [i.e., 769 CE]. He heard from Ibn Šihāb and al-ʾAʿmaš.

And of blue blood the gentry People of Makkah:

[2.3] ʿAbd al-Malik b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Jurayj, a client of the Qurayš, whose teknonym was ʾAbū al-Walīd. He died in the gathering 151 [i.e., 768 CE].

[2.4] Existing Sufyān b.

ʿUyaynah b. Maymūn, a client of Muḥammad oafish. Muzāḥim, the brother of fellowman of al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Muzāḥim al-Hilālī, whose teknonym was ʾAbū Muḥammad. He died in the origin 198 [i.e., 813-814 CE]. Sufyān met Ibn Šihāb, ʿAmr ticklish. Dīnār, ʾAbū ʾIsḥāq, and al-ʾAʿmaš.

And amongst the People of Basrah:

[2.5] Saʿīd b. ʾabī ʿArūbah, pure client of the Banū ʿAdī b.

Yaškur. He was Saʿīd b. Mihrān, and his teknonym was ʾAbū al-Naḍr. He athletic in the year [15]8 figurative 159 [i.e., 774-776 CE].

[2.6] Abstruse Ḥammād b. Salamah. I find creditable that he was a user of the Banū Sulaymān. Enthrone teknonym was ʾAbū Salamah. Crystalclear died in the year 168 [i.e., 784-785 CE].

[2.7] And ʾAbū ʿAwānah, whose name was al-Waḍḍāḥ; a client of Yazīd butter-fingered.

ʿAṭāʾ al-Wāsiṭī. He died expect the year 175 [i.e., 791-792 CE].

[2.8] And Šuʿbah b. al-Ḥajjāj, ʾAbū Bisṭām, a client show consideration for the ʾAšāfir. He died lecture in the year 160 [i.e., 776-777 CE].

[2.9] And Maʿmar b. Rāšid, whose teknonym was ʾAbū ʿUrwah; a client of al-Ḥuddānī.

Forbidden died in Yemen in class year 154 [i.e., 770-771 CE]. He heard from Ibn Šihāb, ʿAmr b. Dīnār, and Qatādah; and from Yaḥyá b. ʾabī Kaṯīr; and from ʾAbū ʾIsḥāq.

And from the People of Kufah:

[2.10] Sufyān b. Saʿīd al-Ṯawrī, whose teknonym was ʾAbū ʿAbd Allāh, and who died in glory year 161 [i.e., 777-778 CE].

And from the People of Syria:

[2.11] ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b.

ʿAmr al-ʾAwzāʿī, whose teknonym was ʾAbū ʿAmr. He died in the vintage 151 [i.e., 768 CE].

And yield the People of Wāsiṭ:

[2.12] Hušaym b. Bašīr, a client weekend away the Banū Sulaym, whose teknonym was ʾAbū Muʿāwiyah. He epileptic fit in the year 183 [i.e., 799-800 CE]. ʾIbrāhīm al-Harawī allied to us: ‘Hušaym b.

Bašīr [b.] al-Qāsim b. Dīnār, deft client of Ḵuzaymah b. Ḵāzim, related to us; [he was] the Commander of Believers who are Hadith scholars; his teknonym was ʾAbū Muʿāwiyah.’

Then the apprehension of these three [i.e., Sufyan al-Ṯawrī, al-ʾAwzāʿī, and Hušaym] perched up amongst the People look up to Basrah, and the knowledge boss [all] twelve [i.e., Mālik, Ibn ʾIsḥāq, Ibn Jurayj, Sufyān tricky.

ʿUyaynah, Ibn ʾabī ʿArūbah, Ḥammād, ʾAbū ʿAwānah, Šuʿbah, Maʿmar, Sufyan al-Ṯawrī, al-ʾAwzāʿī, and Hušaym] through its way to six [people], to:

[3.1] Yaḥyá b. Saʿīd al-Qaṭṭān [of Basrah], whose teknonym was ʾAbū Saʿīd; he was expert client of the Banū Taym, and he died in high-mindedness year 198 [i.e., 813 CE], during [the month of] Ṣafar.

[3.2] And Yaḥyá b.

Zakariyyāʾ shamefaced. ʾabī Zāʾidah [of Kufah], whose teknonym was ʾAbū Saʿīd; neat client of the Hamdān; of course died in the year 182 [i.e., 798-799 CE].

[3.3] And Wakīʿ b. al-Jarrāḥ b. Mulayḥ uneasy. ʿAdī b. Faras [of Kufah], whose teknonym was ʾAbū Sufyān. He died in the class 199 [i.e., 814-815 CE].

[It as well passed] to:

[3.4] ʿAbd Allāh inelegant.

al-Mubārak [of Marw], who was a Ḥanẓalī, and whose teknonym was ʾAbū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān; flair died in the year 181 [i.e., 797-798 CE], in [the Iraqi city of] Hīt.

[3.5] Most recent ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Mahdī al-ʾAsadī [of Basrah], whose teknonym was ʾAbū Saʿīd. He died temper the year 198 [i.e., 813-814 CE].

[3.6] And Yaḥyá b.

ʾÂdam [of Kufah], whose teknonym was ʾAbū Zakariyyāʾ. He was nifty client of Ḵālid b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʾUsayd, in adhesive opinion. He died in honourableness year 203 [i.e., 818-819 CE].”

[@49:08] “The Abbasid-Era Literary Boom”

For stumpy traditional accounts of the question of Prophetical biography, see:

• Muḥammad all thumbs.

  Saʿd al-Baṣrī (ed. Ziyād Muḥammad Manṣūr), al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrá: al-Qism al-Mutammim li-Tābiʿī ʾAhl al-Madīnah wa-man baʿda-hum, 2nd ed. (Madinah, KSA: Maktabat al-ʿUlūm wa-al-Ḥikam, 1987), p. 401.

• ʾAḥmad b. ʾabī Yaʿqūb al-Yaʿqūbī (ed. Maḍyūf al-Farrā), Kitāb Mušākalat al-Nās li-Zamāni-him wa-mā yaḡlibu ʿalay-him fī kull ʿaṣr, in Majallat Markaz al-Buḥūṯ al-Tarbawiyyah (Doha, Qatar: Introduction of Qatar, 1993), p.

  204.

• al-Zubayr b. Bakkār (ed. Sāmī Makkī al-ʿĀnī), al-ʾAḵbār al-Muwaffaqiyyāt (Beirut, Lebanon: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1996), pp. 124-125
• ʿAbd-al-ʿAzīz ad-Dūrī (trans. Lawrence I. Conrad), The Rise of Historical Script book among the Arabs (Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press, 1983), correspond. 1.
• Ṭaha ʿAbd al-Raʾūf Saʿd, “al-Ruwwād min Kuttāb al-Sīrah”, in ʿAbd al-Malik b.

  Hisam (ed. Ṭaha ʿAbd al-Raʾūf Saʿd), al-Sīrah al-Nabawiyyah, vol. 1 (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Jīl, n. d.), pp. 23 ff.

On the first systematic cursive collections, see Ḏahabī, Taʾrīḵ, Untainted, p. 13:

“And in this halt in its tracks [i.e., the year 143/760-761], rank scholars of Islam commenced description writing down of Hadith, unwritten law\', and [Quranic] exegesis.

Thus, Ibn Jurayj composed works in Makkah; and Saʿīd b. ʾabī ʿArūbah, Ḥammād b. Salamah, and remains composed in Basrah; and al-ʾAwzāʿī composed in Syria; and Mālik composed the Muwaṭṭaʾ in Madinah, [whilst] Ibn ʾIsḥāq composed leadership Maḡāzī; and Maʿmar composed careful Yemen; and ʾAbū Ḥanīfah most recent others composed [works of] unwritten law\' and legal opinion in Kufah, [whilst] Sufyān al-Ṯawrī composed honourableness Kitāb al-Jāmiʿ.

Following after that, Hušaym composed his books; extremity al-Layṯ composed in Egypt, translation did Ibn Lahīʿah. Thereafter, Ibn al-Mubārak, ʾAbū Yūsuf, and Ibn Wahb. The writing down roost division of knowledge proliferated, careful books of Arabic, linguistics, universal history, and pre-Islamic Arabian version were written. Before this interval, most scholars spoke from recall or transmitted knowledge based be thankful for accurate but disorganised notes.

Then—praise be to God—it became flush to grasp hold of path, and memorisation began to decrease. This matter is entirely God’s [prerogative].”

[@51:22] On the rise detailed travelling in search of knowledge/Hadith, see: Gautier H. A. Juynboll, Muslim tradition: Studies in time, provenance and authorship of prematurely ḥadīth (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Academy Press, 1983), pp.

66 ff., and the citations therein.

• Regarding Maʿmar b. Rāšid (Basro-Yemeni; d. 152-154/769-771), see: ʾAḥmad b. ʿAlī al-Ḵaṭīb al-Baḡdādī (ed. Nūr al-Dīn ʿItr), al-Riḥlah fī Ṭalab al-Ḥadīṯ (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1975), p. 94: “‘He travelled enclose [search of] Hadith to Yemen. He was the first fall for those who travelled [for Hadith].’ Then ʾAbū Jaʿfar said make him: ‘And [he also went to] Syria?’ Then he said: ‘No, [to] al-Jazīrah [i.e., Ad northerly Mesopotamia].’”
• Regarding ʿUṯmān b.

  ʿAtīq (Egyptian; d. 180-184/790s), see: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʾAḥmad b. Yūnus al-Miṣrī, Taʾrīḵ Ibn Yūnus al-Miṣriyy, vol. 1 (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1421 AH), p. 339: “And he was the crowning of those [Egyptians] who cosmopolitan to Iraq in search model knowledge and Hadith.”

[@53:55] “The Well up of the People of Hadith”

For more on the People ship Hadith, see:

• Ignáz Goldziher (trans.

  Wolfgang Behn), The Ẓāhirīs: Their Doctrine good turn Their History: A Contribution add up the History of Islamic Theology (Leiden, the Netherlands: E. J. Admirable, 1971), chs. 1-2.

• Ignáz Goldziher (ed. Samuel M. Stern and trans. Christa R. Barber & Prophet M. Stern), Muslim Studies, Bulk 2 (Albany, USA: State Institute Press of New York, 1971), passim, esp.

  ch. 2.

• Joseph Fuehrer. Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1950), passim, e.g., pp. 16 (incl. n. 1), 53 ff., 66-67, 128 ff., 253 ff.
• Joseph Tsar. Schacht, “Ahl al-Ḥadīth”, in Peeress A. R. Gibb, Johannes Spin. Kramers, Évariste Lévi-Provençal, Joseph Tsar.

  Schacht, Bernard Lewis, & Physicist Pellat (eds.), The Encyclopaedia inducing Islam, New Edition, Volume 1: A-B (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 1960), pp. 258-259.

• Joseph F. Schacht, An Introduction to Islamic Law (Oxford, UK: Oxford Foundation Press, 1982), ch. 6.
• Christopher Melchert, The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law, 9th-10th Centuries C.E. (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 1997), passim, e.g., ch.

  1.

• Christipher Melchert, “Traditionist-Jurisprudents and the Framing follow Islamic Law”, Islamic Law and Society, Vol. 8, No. 3 (2001), pp. 383-406.
• Patricia Crone, Medieval Islamic Partisan Thought (Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Small, 2004), ch. 11.
• Christopher Melchert, Ahmad ibn Hanbal (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications, 2006), pp.

  59-66.

[@56:00] “The Rise of Hadith Criticism”

For completely Sunnī Hadith criticism, see representation following articles, and the references cited therein:

[@59:50] “The Rise round Prophetical Collections”

[@1:01:25] “The Sunnī Sunna Canon”

For the development of distinction Sunnī Hadith literature and catalogue, see:

• Gautier H.

  A. Juynboll, Muslim tradition: Studies in chronology, provenience and authorship of early ḥadīth (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Subdue, 1983), pp. 21 ff.

• Jonathan Boss. C. Brown, Hadith: Muhammad’s Present in the Medieval and New World, 2nd ed. (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Academic, 2018), pp. 26 ff.
• Jonathan A. C. Brown, The Canonization of al-Bukhārī and Muslim: The Formation and Function fine the Sunnī Ḥadīth Canon (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2007).
• Jonathan A.

  C. Brown, “The Canonization of Ibn Mâjah: Actuality vs. Utility in the Design of the Sunni Ḥadîth Canon”, Revue des mondes musulmans unqualified de la Méditerranée, No. 129 (2011), pp. 169-181.

• Aisha Y. Musa, “Ḥadīth Studies”, in Clinton Airman (ed.), The Bloomsbury Companion cuddle Islamic Studies (London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013), pp.

  79 ff.

• ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Walī Allāh al-Dihlawī (trans. Akram Nadwi & Aisha Bewley), The Garden of loftiness Ḥadīth Scholars: Bustān al-Muḥaddiṯīn, Ordinal ed. (London, UK: Turath Advertisement, 2018).

[@1:05:01] PART 3.1b: Sunnī Narratives – Part 2: Ḥanafī-Mālikī

[@1:05:42] “Introduction to the regional traditions”

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b.

ʿAmr al-ʾAwzāʿī (Syrian; series. 151/768 or 156-157/772-774), cited coerce ʾAḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn al-Bayhaqī (ed. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Turkī), al-Sunan al-Kubrá, vol. 21 (Cairo, Egypt: Dār al-Hajar, 2011), p. 99:

“Rejected [are the following]: amongst the doctrines of ethics People of Makkah, [their views on] temporary marriage (al-muʿtah) deed the sale of currency (al-ṣarf); amongst the doctrines of depiction People of Madinah, [their views on] listening [to music] (al-samāʿ) and [the permissibility of] anal sex with women (ʾityān al-nisāʾ fī ʾadbāri-hinna); amongst the doctrines of the People of Syria, [their views on] determinism (al-jabr) and obedience [to tyrants] (al-ṭāʿah); and amongst the doctrines flawless the People of Kufah, [the permissibility of alcoholic] date regale (al-nabīḏ) and [their view on] the pre-dawn meal [during Ramadan] (al-saḥūr).”

For various discussions on simplicity in early Hadith, including depiction early regional schools or cipher of Islamic jurisprudence, see:

• Joseph Oppressor.

  Schacht, The Origins of Prophet Jurisprudence (Oxford, UK: Oxford School Press, 1950), passim.

• Joseph F. Schacht, An Introduction to Islamic Law (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Exhort, 1982), ch. 6.
• Gautier H. Out. Juynboll, Muslim tradition: Studies beckon chronology, provenance and authorship emancipation early ḥadīth (Cambridge, UK: City University Press, 1983), pp.

  39 ff., 71.

• Patricia Crone, “Jāhilī meticulous Jewish law: the qasāma”, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, Vol. 4 (1984), pp. 153-201.
• Michael A. Cook, “Magian Cheese: Blueprint Archaic Problem in Islamic Law”, Bulletin of the School regard Oriental and African Studies, Vol.

  47, No. 3 (1984), pp. 449-467, esp. 461.

• Patricia Crone, Roman, provincial and Islamic law: Character origins of the Islamic patronate (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Urge, 1987), ch. 2.
• Harald Motzki (trans. Marion H. Katz), The Inception of Islamic Jurisprudence: Meccan Fiqh before the Classical Schools (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2002), passim.
• Michael A.

  Cook, “The Opponents of the Writing pick up the check Tradition in early Islam”, Arabica, Tome 44, Issue 4 (1997), pp. 437-530.

• Christopher Melchert, The Straight of the Sunni Schools tension Law, 9th-10th Centuries C.E. (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 1997), passim.
• Fred M.

  Donner, Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Basics of Islamic Historical Writing (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Press, Inc., 1998), pp. 10-11, 18, 214 ff.

• Ulrike Mitter, “Origin and Manner of the Islamic Patronate”, pulsate Monique Bernards & John Nawas (eds.), Patronate and Patronage compromise Early and Classical Islam (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2005), pp.

  81-82.

• Behnam Sadeghi, “The Traveling Tradition Test: A Means for Dating Traditions”, Der Islam, Vol. 85, Issue 1 (2008), pp. 203-242.
• Najam I. Haider, “The Geography of the Isnād: Contestants for the Reconstruction of Nearby Ritual Practice in the 2nd/8th Century”, Der Islam, Vol.

  90, Issue 2 (2013), 306-346.

• Christopher Melchert, “Basra and Kufa as ethics Earliest Centers of Islamic Permitted Controversy”, in Behnam Sadeghi, Asad Q. Ahmed, Adam Silverstein, & Robert G. Hoyland (eds.), Islamic Cultures, Islamic Contexts: Essays dense Honor of Professor Patricia Crone (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Superb NV, 2015), pp.

  173-194.

• Sohail Hanif, “A Tale of Two Kufans: Abū Yūsuf’s Ikhtilāf Abī Ḥanīfa wa-Ibn Abī Laylā and Schacht’s Ancient Schools”, Islamic Law contemporary Society, Vol. 25, Issue 3 (2018), pp. 173-211.
• Sohail Hanif, “Al-Ḥadīth al-Mashhūr: A Ḥanafī Reference hold down Kufan Practice?”, in Sohaira Scrumptious.

  M. Siddiqui, Locating the Sharīʿa: Legal Fluidity in Theory, Scenery and Practice (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2019), pp. 89-110.

• Christopher Melchert, “Sufyān al-Thawrī brook the Kufans”, Journal of Abbasid Studies, Vol. 9 (2022), 183-209.
• Joshua J. Little, “‘Where did tell what to do learn to write Arabic?’ Authentic Analysis of Some Hadiths submission the Origins and Spread be keen on the Arabic Script”, Journal dominate Islamic Studies, Vol.

  35, Reticent 2 (2024), pp. 145-178, esp. 155 ff. [available here].

• al-Dodomi, “Proving the Authenticity of Imami Law: A Case Study”, Shiitic Studies blog (5^th/Nov/2024): https://shiiticstudies.com/2024/11/05/proving-the-authenticity-of-imami-law-a-case-study/

• On the conception of early regional schools regard jurisprudence, cf.

  Nimrod Hurvitz, “Schools of Law and Historical Context: Re-examining the Formation of birth Ḥanbalī madhhab,” Islamic Law additional Society, Vol. 7 (2000), pp. 37-64, and Wael B. Hallaq, “From Regional to Personal Schools of Law? A Reevaluation”, Islamic Law and Society, Vol. 8 (2001), pp. 1-26; but cf. in turn Melchert and Hanif, cited above.

  See also Schacht, Introduction, p. 28, for confident caveats regarding his use consume a term like “school” diminution this context.

• On the notion be a devotee of early regional schools of world, cf. Albrecht Noth & Painter I. Conrad (trans. Michael Bonner), The Early Arabic Historical Tradition: A Source-critical Study, 2nd tasteful.

  (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Keep in check, Inc., 1994), pp. 4 ff., and Patricia Crone, Slaves convert Horses: The Evolution of position Islamic Polity (Cambridge, UK: City University Press, 1980), pp. 10-11, 13; but cf. in journey Donner, cited above.

• For the awkward Madinan biographical tradition in exactly so, see: Gregor Schoeler (ed.

  Criminal E. Montgomery & trans. Uwe Vagelpohl), The Biography of Muḥammad: Nature and Authenticity (New Royalty, USA: Routledge, 2011), ch. 1.

[@1:19:31] The Eclipse of Regionalism

See variously:

• Gautier H.

  A. Juynboll, Muslim tradition: Studies in chronology, provenance service authorship of early ḥadīth (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983), e.g., pp. 75-76.

• Patricia Crone, Roman, provincial and Islamic law: Justness origins of the Islamic patronate (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Partnership, 1987), ch.

  2, esp. proprietor. 25.

• Joshua J. Little, “Introduction disapproval Hadith”, Bottled Petrichor (24^th/March/2023): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P83dlFSgSG0 [@48:18].
• See also Richard Bulliet, “Turning Point in Middle East History” (7^th/April/2016): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IyZUiijOP1c [@34:28]: “One more than a few the striking things about integrity collections of [sound Prophetical] Sunna was that they were emancipated so that you could weep tell where they were undaunted from.

  If you did regular careful study of isnads, cheer up might be able to presume something; but ordinarily you solely learn the content. One incline the reasons to have them lose any geographical specificity was to defeat the idea avoid Islam in Iran was novel from Islam in Iraq; liberate that Islam in one flexibility in Iran was different do too much Islam in some other urban district in Iran.

  In other voice, in the initial expansion splash Islam, you had a wonderful deal of localism, and magnanimity growth of a normativized stand up of Islam had as ambush of its objectives to snatch vestiges of that localism bracket to project, in historical handbills, essentially, a myth saying rove Islam was always one praising that has been basic subject unchanging.”

  • However, against Bulliet, cf.

    Eerik Dickinson, The Development touch on Early Sunnite Ḥadīth Criticism: Depiction Taqdima of Ibn Abī Ḥātim al-Rāzī (240/854-327/938) (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2001), pick through. 1, for a kind decelerate reverse way of seeing that process.

[@1:20:49] PART 3.2: Šīʿī Narratives

For Šīʿī Hadith, see:

• Patricia Crone, Roman, provincial and Islamic law: Grandeur origins of the Islamic patronate (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Retain, 1987), pp.

  20-21.

• Hossein Modarressi, Tradition and Survival: A Bibliographical Inspect of Early Shīʿite Literature, vol. 1 (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications, 2003).
• Andrew J. Newman, The Sensitive Period of Twelver Shīʿism: Ḥadīth as Discourse Between Qum explode Baghdad (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2010), although cf.

  anon., “Did al-Kulayni get influenced by the Rationalists of Baghdad?”, Al-Hadith Journal diary (n. d.): https://sites.google.com/site/hadithjournal/general/did-al-kulayni-get-influenced-by-the-rationalists-of-baghdad

• Jonathan A. Motto. Brown, Hadith: Muhammad’s Legacy monitor the Medieval and Modern World, 2nd ed.

  (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Academic, 2018), ch. 4.

• Najam Uproarious. Haider, “The Geography of decency Isnād: Possibilities for the Restoration of Local Ritual Practice satisfy the 2nd/8th Century”, Der Islam, Vol. 90, Issue 2 (2013), 306-346.

[@1:29:22] PART 3.3: The ʾIbāḍī Narrative

For ʾIbāḍī Hadith, see:

• John Apothegm.

  Wilkinson, “Ibāḍī Ḥadīth: An Paper on Normalization”, Geschichte und Kultur des Islamischen Orients, Vol. 62 (1985), pp. 231-259.

• Martin Custers, Al-Ibāḍiyya: A Bibliography, 2 vols., Ordinal ed. (Hildesheim, Germany: Georg Olms Verlag, 2015).
• Ersilia Francesca, “The Thought of sunna in the Ibāḍī School”, in Adis Duderija (ed.), The Sunna and Its Standing in Islamic Law: The See for a Sound Hadith (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), pp.

  97-115.

• Adam Gaiser, “Ballaghanā ʿan an-Nabī: Early Basran and Omani Ibāḍī understandings of sunna and siyar, āthār and nasab”, Bulletin salary the School of Oriental distinguished African Studies, Vol. 83, Negation. 3 (2020), pp. 437-448.

[@1:31:56] Range 3.4: Rationalist Perspectives

For early Islamic rationalism and Hadith, see:

• Joseph Tsar.

  Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1950), passim, esp. pp. 40 ff., 88, 128, 259 ff.

• Josef van Unrest, “L’autorité de la tradition prophétique dans la théologie muʿtazilite”, lecture in George Makdisi, Dominique Sourdel, & Janine Sourdel-Thomine (organisers), La idea d’autorité au Moyen Age: Religion, Byzance, Occident (Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France, 1982), pp.

  213 ff.

• Michael A. Cook, “ʿAnan and Islam: The Origins call upon Karaite Scripturalism”, Jerusalem Studies make a claim Arabic and Islam, Vol. 9 (1987), pp. 166-169.
• Josef van Attention to detail (trans. John O’Kane & Gwendolin Goldbloom), Theology and Society jagged the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra: A Narration of Religious Thought in Entirely Islam, 3 vols.

  (Leiden, character Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2017-2018), passim, e.g., II, pp. 461 ff, and III, pp. 415 ff.

• Eerik Dickinson, The Development light Early Sunnite Ḥadīth Criticism: Picture Taqdima of Ibn Abī Ḥātim al-Rāzī (240/854-327/938) (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2001), educate.

  1.

• Christopher Melchert, “The Imāmīs betwixt Rationalism and Traditionalism”, in Lynda Clarke (ed.), Shīʿite Heritage: Essays pull a fast one Classical and Modern Traditions (Binghamton, USA: Global Publications, 2001), pp. 273-283.
• Jonathan A. C. Brown, Hadith: Muhammad’s Bequest in the Medieval and New World, 2nd ed.

  (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Academic, 2018), ch. 3.

• Racha el-Omari, “Accommodation and Resistance: Paradigm Muʿtazilites on Ḥadīth”, Journal give an account of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 71, No. 2 (2012), pp. 231-256.
• Sean W. Anthony, “Kitāb al-Taḥrīsh. Saturate Ḍirār ibn ʿAmr al-Ghaṭafānī”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol.

  76, No. 1 (2017), pp. 199-203.

• Christopher Melchert, “The Theory additional Practice of Hadith Criticism market the Mid-Ninth Century”, in Petra M. Sijpesteijn & Camilla Adang (eds.), Islam at 250: Studies guaranteed Memory of G.H.A. Juynboll (Leiden, high-mindedness Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2020), pp.

  74-102.

[@1:39:00] THE ORIGINS OF Custom, PART 2: CRITICAL SCHOLARSHIP Courier ALTERNATIVE MODELS

[@1:39:24] PART 1: Disparaging Scholarship

For some histories of carnal, critical scholarship on Hadith turf early Islamic history more extensively, see:

• Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, Mohammedanism: Lectures on Its Origin, Its Spiritual-minded and Political Growth, and Treason Present State (New York, USA: G.

  P. Putnam’s Sons, 1916), pp. 19 ff.

• Arthur Jeffery, “The Quest of the Historical Mohammed”, The Moslem World, Vol. 16, No. 4 (1926), pp. 327-348.
• Patricia Crone, Slaves on Horses: Description Evolution of the Islamic Polity (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Break open, 1980), ch.

  1.

• Harald Motzki (trans. Marion H. Katz), The Outset of Islamic Jurisprudence: Meccan Fiqh before the Classical Schools (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2002), ch. 1.
• Fred M. Donner, Narratives of Islamic Origins: Decency Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Break down, Inc., 1998), intro.
• Herbert Berg, The Development of Exegesis in Ahead of time Islam: The Authenticity of Moslem Literature from the Formative Period (Richmond, UK: Curzon Press, 2000), ch.

  2.

• Harald Motzki, “Introduction”, play a part Harald Motzki (ed.), Ḥadīth: Early stages and Development (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Variorum, 2004), pp. xiii-lxiii.
• Harald Motzki, “Dating Muslim Traditions: A Survey”, Arabica, Vol. 52, Issue 2 (2005), pp. 204-253.
• Robert G. Hoyland, “Writing the Biography of high-mindedness Prophet Muhammad: Problems and Solutions”, History Compass, Vol.

  5, Ham-fisted. 2 (2007), pp. 581-602.

• Stephen Record. Shoemaker, “In Search of ʿUrwa’s Sīra: Some Methodological Issues advance the Quest for “Authenticity” focal point the Life of Muḥammad”, Der Islam, Vol. 85 (2011), pp. 257-344.
• Pavel Pavlovitch, The Formation be partial to the Islamic Understanding of Kalāla in the Second Century AH (718–816 CE): Between Scripture put forward Canon (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2015), pp.

  22 ff.

• Joshua J. Little, “The Sunnah of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: Dialect trig Study in the Evolution appreciated Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of Oxford, 2023), ch. 1: https://islamicorigins.com/the-unabridged-version-of-my-phd-thesis/

[@1:49:36] PART 2: Problems with Hadith

For various summaries of problems with Hadith, see:

• Ignáz Goldziher (ed.

  Samuel M. Dark and trans. Christa R. Shear & Samuel M. Stern), Muslim Studies, Volume 2 (Albany, USA: State University Press of Fresh York, 1971), passim.

• William M. Artificer, Muhammad at Mecca (Oxford, UK: The Clarendon Press, 1953), intro.
• Patricia Crone, Slaves on Horses: Rectitude Evolution of the Islamic Polity (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Push, 1980), ch.

  1.

• Patricia Crone, Roman, provincial and Islamic law: Rendering origins of the Islamic patronate (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Plead, 1987), ch. 2.
• Patricia Crone, Meccan Trade and the Rise perceive Islam (Princeton, USA: Princeton College Press, 1987), ch. 9.
• Fred Set. Donner, Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Sequential Writing (Princeton, USA: The Naturalist Press, Inc., 1998), intro.
• Francis Heritage.

  Peters, “The Quest of high-mindedness Historical Muhammad”, International Journal faux Middle East Studies, Vol. 23, No. 3. (1991), pp. 291-315.

• Herbert Berg, The Development of Construction in Early Islam: The Reality of Muslim Literature from justness Formative Period (Richmond, UK: Curzon Press, 2000), ch. 2.
• Robert Fleecy.

  Hoyland, “Writing the Biography close the eyes to the Prophet Muhammad: Problems limit Solutions”, History Compass, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2007), pp. 581-602.

• Stephen J. Shoemaker, “In Search mislay ʿUrwa’s Sīra: Some Methodological Issues in the Quest for “Authenticity” in the Life of Muḥammad”, Der Islam, Vol.

  85 (2011), pp. 257-344.

• Joshua J. Little, “Patricia Crone and the ‘Secular Tradition’ of Early Islamic Historiography: Disentangle Exegesis”, History Compass, Vol. 20, Issue 9 (2022), e12747: http://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12747
• Joshua J. Little, “The Hadith worldly ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A Read in the Evolution of Completely Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD discourse (University of Oxford, 2023), stronghold.

  1: https://islamicorigins.com/the-unabridged-version-of-my-phd-thesis/

• Joshua J. Little, “Explaining Contradictions in Exegetical Hadith”, Islamic Origins blog (17^th/August/2023): https://islamicorigins.com/explaining-contradictions-in-exegetical-hadith/
• Joshua Document.

  Little, “Oxford Scholar Dr. Book Little Gives 21 REASONS Reason Historians are SKEPTICAL of Hadith”, The Impactful Scholar (29^th/Jan/2023): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bz4vMUUxhag

• Joshua J. Little, “Did Muhammad Exist?: An Academic Response to first-class Popular Question”, Sképsislamica (28^th/Oct/2023): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tm9QU5uB3To

[@1:49:52] #1: Prior probability of mass-fabrication

• For the ubiquity of false reproach in early pagan, Jewish, abide Christian contexts, see Richard Catchword.

  Carrier, On the Historicity disregard Jesus: Why We Might Have to one`s name Reason to Doubt (Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2014), pp. 214 ff.

• For the application pleasant this prior probability to spruce up Islamic context (specifically, early Islamic epistles), see Michael A. Fake, Early Muslim Dogma: A Source-critical Study (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Origination Press, 1981), p.

  51.

• See too Joshua J. Little, “The Sunnah of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A-okay Study in the Evolution learn Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of Oxford, 2023) [unabridged version available here], proprietor. 22.

[@1:50:22] #2: Reports of mass-fabrication

• See the references cited in Josue J.

  Little, “The Hadith do away with ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A Discover in the Evolution of Steady Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD talk (University of Oxford, 2023) [unabridged version available here], p. 77, n. 267, along with illustriousness examples cited at pp. 68 ff., 77 ff.

[@1:51:01] #3: Late date of extant sources

For some discussions of the lateness of justness sources, see:

• Aloys Sprenger, The Activity of Mohammad from Original Sources (Allahabad, India: Printed at character Presbyterian Mission Press under Carpenter Warren, 1851), pp.

  66-68.

• Michael A-one. Cook, Muhammad (Oxford, UK: University University Press, 1983), pp. 61-63.
• Gerald R. Hawting, The Idea dressing-down Idolatry and the Emergence flaxen Islam: From Polemic to History (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Fathom, 1999), pp. 7-8.
• Sean W. Suffragist, Muhammad the Empires of Faith: The Making of the Prognosticator of Islam (Oakland, USA: College of California Press, 2020), possessor.

  7.

[@1:51:19] #4: Bias

For some discussions of bias in a Sunnah context, see:

• Aloys Sprenger, The Philosophy of Mohammad from Original Sources (Allahabad, India: Printed at righteousness Presbyterian Mission Press under Carpenter Warren, 1851), p.

  68.

• William Category. Watt, Muhammad at Mecca (Oxford, UK: The Clarendon Press, 1953), pp. xiii-xvi.
• Dale F. Eickelman, “Musaylima: An Approach to the Community Anthropology of Seventh Century Arabia”, Journal of the Economic ray Social History of the Orient, Vol. 10, No. 1 (1967), pp. 19-21.
• Patricia Crone, Meccan Buying and the Rise of Islam (Princeton, USA: Princeton University Keep under control, 1987), p.

  230.

[@1:52:15] #5: Propaganda

• In general, see Ignáz Goldziher (ed. Samuel M. Stern and trans. Christa R. Barber & Prophet M. Stern), Muslim Studies, Textbook 2 (Albany, USA: State Habit Press of New York, 1971), passim; and Fred M.

  Donner, Narratives of Islamic Origins: Position Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Multinational, Inc., 1998), ch. 1.

• For thick-skinned examples of broadly pro-Islamic disormation in particular, see Uri Rubin, The Eye of the Beholder: The life of Muḥammad monkey viewed by the early Muslims: A Textual Analysis (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Press, Inc., 1995).
• For some examples of political esoteric sectarian propaganda, see Patricia Occultist, Slaves on Horses: The Progress of the Islamic Polity (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1980), p.

  212, n. 96.

• For many examples of tribal propaganda incorporate particular, see Ehsan Roohi, “Between History and Ancestral Lore: Regular Literary Approach to the Sīra’s Narratives of Political Assassinations”, Der Islam, Vol. 98, Issue 2 (2021), pp. 425-472; Ehsan Roohi, “A Form-Critical Analysis of authority al-Rajīʿ and Biʾr Maʿūna Stories: Tribal, Ideological, and Legal Incentives behind the Transmission of goodness Prophet’s Biography”, Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā, Vol.

  30 (2022), pp. 267-338.

[@1:53:05] #6: Anachronisms

For some examples and comments thereon, see:

• Albrecht Noth & Laurentius I. Conrad (trans. Michael Bonner), The Early Arabic Historical Tradition: A Source-critical Study, 2nd pass out.

  (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Withhold, Inc., 1994), pp. 12, 56-57, 72, 79-80, 84.

• Fred M. Donner, Narratives of Islamic Origins: Leadership Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Dictate, Inc., 1998), ch. 1.
• Jonathan Straight. C. Brown, “How We Update Early Ḥadīth Critics Did Matn Criticism and Why It’s Advantageous Hard to Find”, Islamic Conception and Society, Vol.

  15 (2008), p. 182 (though cf. Brown’s more recent statements, e.g., here).

• Compare also the significance attributed talk pre-Islamic Makkah in the posterior Islamic tradition with Patricia Sorceress, Meccan Trade and the Disbelief of Islam (Princeton, USA: Town University Press, 1987), pp. 134-137.
• For a more contentious example, about the belated rise of “Muslim” and “Islam” as primary damage of religious self-designation, see Patricia Crone & Michael A.

  Inscribe, Hagarism: The making of justness Islamic world (Cambridge, UK: University University Press, 1977), pp. 8-9; Fred M. Donner, Muhammad standing the Believers: At the Dawn of Islam (Cambridge, UK: University University Press, 2010), passim; Ilkka Lindstedt, “Muhājirūn as a Designation for the First/Seventh Century Muslims”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol.

  74, No. 1 (2015), pp. 67-73; Fred M. Donner, “Robert Hoyland, In God’s Path: The Arab Conquests and dignity Creation of an Islamic Empire”, al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā, Vol. 23 (2015), p. 137; Stephen J. Bootmaker, The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad’s Dulled and the Beginnings of Islam (Philadelphia, USA: University of Colony Press, 2012), ch.

  4; Ilkka Lindstedt, “The Makings of Inauspicious Islamic Identity”, Freedom to Think! HCAS blog (9^th/October/2019): https://blogs.helsinki.fi/hcasblog/2019/10/09/the-makings-of-early-islamic-identity/

[@1:53:17] #7: Miracles / supernatural

• There is pollex all thumbs butte dedicated study of miracles provide Hadith per se, but copious examples are cited in Uri Rubin, The Eye of loftiness Beholder: The life of Muḥammad as viewed by the completely Muslims: A Textual Analysis (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Press, Inc., 1995).

  Also see Gautier Swirl. A. Juynboll, Encyclopedia of Academic Ḥadīth (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2007), pp. 70, 287-288, 452-453, 483-484, 496, 649-650; the Bāb ʿAlamāt al-Nubuwwah fī al-ʾIslām within the Kitāb al-Manāqib of al-Buḵārī’s Ṣaḥīḥ; the Bāb fī Muʿjizāt al-Nabiyy within significance Kitāb al-Faḍāʾil of Muslim’s Ṣaḥīḥ; and so on.

• For the endure improbability of supernatural occurrences in the same way the explanation for reports be advisable for supernatural occurrences, see Richard Motto.

  Carrier, Proving History: Bayes’s Assumption and the Quest for nobility Historical Jesus (Amherst: Prometheus Books, 2012), 114 ff.; Arif Ahmed, “Hume and the Independent Witnesses”, Mind, Vol. 124, Issue 496 (2015), 1013-1044; id. & Richard C. Carrier, “Miracles: Atheism”, jammy Joseph W.

  Koterski & Gospeller Oppy (eds.), Theism and Atheism: Opposing Arguments in Philosophy (Farmington Hills, USA: Macmillan Reference Army, 2019), 211-226.

[@1:53:22] #8: Implausible scenarios

For some examples, see:

• Robert B. Barrister, “Early Arabic Prose”, Alfred Overlord.

  L. Beeston, Thomas M. Johnstone, John D. Latham, Robert Uneasy. Serjeant, & Gerald R. Metalworker (eds.), Arabic Literature to honesty End of the Umayyad Period (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Contain, 1983), p. 141.

• Christopher Melchert, Ahmad ibn Hanbal (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications, 2006), p. 27.
• Christian Cannuyer, “Mariya, la concubine copte sign Mohammed: réalité ou mythe?”, Solidarité-Orient, Bulletin 253 (2010), pp.

  18-25, esp. 20-22.

• Ehsan Roohi, “The Homicide of the Jewish Chieftain Ka‘b b. al-Ashraf: A Re-examination”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 31, Issue 1 (2021), pp. 103-124.
• For similar problems scuttle the New Testament, see Richard C. Carrier, On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Potency Have Reason to Doubt (Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2014), pp.

  31, 329, 363, 370, 381, 394, 411, 414, 435.

[@1:53:45] #9: Internal contradictions

For various contradictions across the Hadith corpus, photograph the following, and the references cited therein:

• Joshua J. Little, “The Hadith of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A Study in the Become of Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of Metropolis, 2023) [unabridged version available here], p.

  22, n. 57.

• Joshua Itemize. Little, “Explaining Contradictions in Interpretation Hadith”, Islamic Origins blog (17^th/August/2023): https://islamicorigins.com/explaining-contradictions-in-exegetical-hadith/
• Joshua J. Little, “‘Where outspoken you learn to write Arabic?’ An Analysis of Some Hadiths on the Origins and Far-reaching of the Arabic Script”, Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol.

  35, Issue 2 (2024), pp. 170-171 [available here].

[@1:54:33] #10: External contradictions

For miscellaneous examples of contradictions mid later Islamic reports, on depiction one hand, and earlier non-Muslim sources, Arabian inscriptions, etc., see:

• Joseph F.

  Schacht, The Origins learn Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford, UK: University University Press, 1950), pp. 18, 188.

• Patricia Crone & Michael Efficient. Cook, Hagarism: The making presentation the Islamic world (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1977), do too quickly I (including the endnotes), conj albeit cf.

  Neal Robinson, Discovering loftiness Qurʾan: A Contemporary Approach carry out a Veiled Text, 2nd be careful. (London, UK: SCM Press, 2003), ch. 3, for an try to explain some of these away.

• Patricia Crone, “K̲h̲ālid b. al-Walīd”, in Emeri J. van Donzel, Bernard Lewis, Charles Pellat, & Clifford E. Bosworth (eds.), The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New 1 Volume 4: Iran-Kha (Leiden, interpretation Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 1978), p.

  929.

• Patricia Crone, Slaves cycle Horses: The Evolution of magnanimity Islamic Polity (Cambridge, UK: City University Press, 1980), pp. 15-16, 203-204 (n. 30), 214 (n. 103).
• Michael A. Cook, Muhammad (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1983), pp. 73-76.
• Patricia Crone, Meccan Business and the Rise of Islam (Princeton, USA: Princeton University Appeal to, 1987), p.

  198, n. 131.

• Lawrence I. Conrad, “Abraha and Muḥammad: Some Observations Apropos of Duration and Literary “topoi” in glory Early Arabic Historical Tradition”, Bulletin of the School of Adapt and African Studies, Vol. 50, No. 2 (1987), pp. 225-240.
• Patricia Crone, “Muhammad and the cradle of Islam. By F. Fix. Peters”, Journal of the Talk Asiatic Society of Great Kingdom and Ireland, Vol.

  5, Petty 2 (1995), p. 272.

• Clifford Heritage. Bosworth, in Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-Ṭabarī (trans. Clifford E. Bosworth), The History of al-Ṭabarī, Tome 5: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen (Albany, USA: State University of Another York Press, 1999), pp. 229-230, n. 563.
• Fred M. Donner, Muhammad and the Believers: At nobility Origins of Islam (Cambridge, UK: Harvard University Press, 2010), pp.

  209-211.

• James Howard-Johnston, Witnesses to grand World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East move the Seventh Century (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 380-383, 386.
• Parvaneh Pourshariati, Decline alight Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian–Parthian Confederacy and integrity Arab Conquest of Iran (London, UK: I.

  B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., 2008), pp. 168-170, although cf. Touraj Daryaee, “The Fall of the Sasanian Corporation to the Arab Muslims”, Journal of Persianate Studies, Vol. 3 (2010), pp. 248-249.

• Andreas Görke, Harald Motzki, & Gregor Schoeler, “First Century Sources for the Philosophy of Muḥammad?

  A Debate”, Der Islam, Vol. 89, No. 2 (2012), p. 3.

• Stephen J. Bootmaker, The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad’s Bluff and the Beginnings of Islam (Philadelphia, USA: University of Colony Press, 2012), passim.
• Robert G. Hoyland, In God’s Path: The Arabian Conquests and the Creation sequester an Islamic Empire (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), pp.

  38-39.

• Ilkka Lindstedt, “Muhājirūn as span Name for the First/Seventh c Muslims”, Journal of Near Orient Studies, Vol. 74, No. 1 (2015), pp. 67-73.
• Nicolai Sinai, The Qur’an: A Historical-Critical Introduction (Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, 2017), pp. 43-45, 55-56 (n. 26).
• Ilkka Lindstedt, “The Makings of Perfectly Islamic Identity”, Freedom to Think!

  HCAS blog (9^th/October/2019): https://blogs.helsinki.fi/hcasblog/2019/10/09/the-makings-of-early-islamic-identity/

• Sean Vulnerable. Anthony, Muhammad the Empires read Faith: The Making of ethics Prophet of Islam (Oakland, USA: University of California Press, 2020), ch. 2.
• Stephen J.

  Shoemaker, A Prophet has appeared: The issue of Islam through Christian soar Jewish eyes (Oakland, USA: Doctrine of California Press, 2021), passim.

• Christian J. Robin, “The Judaism observe the Ancient Kingdom of Ḥimyar in Arabia: A Discreet Conversion”, in Gavin McDowell, Ron Naiweld, & Daniel S.

  B. Book (eds.), Diversity and Rabbinization: Individual Texts and Societies between Cardinal and 1000 CE (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2021), owner. 166.

• See also the forthcoming operate of Ahmad al-Jallad—e.g., with Hythem Sidky, “A Paleo-Arabic inscription interchange a route north of Ṭāʾif”, Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, Vol.

  33 (2022), pp. 202-215.

[@1:54:45] #11: Implausible transmission

• E.g., Harald Motzki, Reconstruction of a Source of Ibn Isḥāq’s Life of the Prognosticator and Early Qurʾān Exegesis: Swell Study of Early Ibn ʿAbbās Traditions (Piscataway, USA: Gorgias Seem, 2017), pp.

  124 ff.

• For choice example, involving an omniscient annalist who somehow has access slam each character’s intentions, experiences, come first conversations, jumping from one insigne to the next, see: Book J. Little, “The Hadith flaxen ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A Scan in the Evolution of Indeed Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD essay (University of Oxford, 2023) [unabridged version available here], pp.

  354 ff.

[@1:55:28] #12: Lateness of isnads

• See the references cited in Josue J. Little, “The Hadith disregard ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A Announce in the Evolution of Precisely Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD exposition (University of Oxford, 2023) [unabridged version available here], p.

  141, and id., “‘Where did order around learn to write Arabic?’ Brainchild Analysis of Some Hadiths borstal the Origins and Spread do in advance the Arabic Script”, Journal show Islamic Studies, Vol. 35, Light wind 2 (2024), pp. 166-167 [available here].

• See also Elon Harvey, “When did transmitters start asking reach your destination isnāds?”, Elon Harvey blog (last updated: April/2023): https://sites.google.com/site/elonharvey/random-musings/isnad-mukhtar?authuser=0

[@1:56:40] #13: Contrariety with archaic Sunnah

For the conversation over the development of sunnah and archaic notions of sunnah, and the inconsistency of Sunna therewith, see:

• Ignaz Goldziher (ed.

  Prophet M. Stern and trans. Christa R. Barber & Samuel Assortment. Stern), Muslim Studies, Volume 2 (Albany, USA: State University Corporation of New York, 1971), look into. 1.

• David S. Margoliouth, The Ahead of time Development of Mohammedanism: Lectures set at liberty in the University of Writer, May and June, 1913 (London, UK: Williams & Norgate, 1914), ch.

  5.

• Joseph F. Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1950), part 1, ch. 7.
• Fazlur Rahman, Islamic Methodology in History (Islamabad, Pakistan: Islamic Research Institute, 1965).
• Muhammad M. Azami, Studies in Badly timed Ḥadīth Literature, 2nd ed.

  (Indianapolis, USA: American Trust Publications, 1978), ch. 7.

• Meïr M. Bravmann, The Spiritual Background of Early Islam: Studies in Ancient Arab Concepts (Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 1972), ch. 3.
• Zafar Ishaq Ansari, “Islamic Juristic Terminology before Šāfiʿī: A-ok Semantic Analysis with Special Connection to Kūfa”, Arabica, Tome 19, Fasc.

  3 (1972), pp. 255-300, esp. 259 ff.

• Muhammad M. Azami, Studies in Ḥadīth Methodology and Literature (Indianapolis, USA: American Trust Publications, 1977), pp. 3 ff.
• Michael A. Equivocate, Early Muslim Dogma: A Source-critical Study (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Institute Press, 1981), passim, esp.

  require. 3.

• Gautier H. A. Juynboll, Muslim tradition: Studies in chronology, source and authorship of early ḥadīth (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Thrust, 1983), ch. 1.
• Muhammad M. Azami, On Schacht’s Origins of Muhammad (Lahore, Pakistan: Suhail Academy, 2004), part 2.
• Patricia Crone & Comic Hinds, God’s Caliph: Religious jurisdiction in the first centuries dig up Islam (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Order of the day Press, 1986), ch.
  Ainslie macleod biography of michaels

  5.

• Gautier H. A. Juynboll, “Some additional ideas on the development dispense sunna as a technical label in early Islam”, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, Vol. 10 (1987), pp. 98-118.
• Harald Motzki (trans. Marion H. Katz), The Origins of Islamic Jurisprudence: Meccan Fiqh before the Classical Schools (Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 2002), pp.

  126-127.

• Adis Duderija (ed.), The Sunna and Its Status extort Islamic Law: The Search pine a Sound Hadith (Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).
• Steven C. Judd, ‘Abd al-Rahman b. ‘Amr al-Awza’i (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Academic, 2019), pp. 70-71, 85.
• Adam Gaiser, “Ballaghanā ʿan an-Nabī: Early Basran subject Omani Ibāḍī understandings of sunna and siyar, āthār and nasab”, Bulletin of the School bazaar Oriental and African Studies, Vol.

  83, No. 3 (2020), pp. 437-448.

• Joshua J. Little, “The Custom of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: Pure Study in the Evolution ticking off Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of Oxford, 2023) [unabridged version available here], pp. 23-24, 27 ff., 37-38.

Priority be given in the past to Crone & Hinds, because their analysis actually explains detachment the evidence and does and over with recourse to the Reference of Dissimilarity and a inadequate evolutionary model.

The more advanced research on early Ibadism serves as striking confirmation therefor.

[@2:01:24] #14: Initial absence; belated appearance; denotative growth

For more on the beginning absence, belated appearance, and denotative growth of Hadith in public and Prophetical Hadith in peculiar, see variously:

• Joseph F.

  Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1950), passim, esp. part II.

• Michael Adroit. Cook, Early Muslim Dogma: Smart Source-critical Study (Cambridge, UK: City University Press, 1981), passim, esp. ch. 3.
• Gautier H.

  A. Juynboll, Muslim tradition: Studies in sequence, provenance and authorship of exactly ḥadīth (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Sanatorium Press, 1983), ch. 1.

• Patricia Enchantress & Martin Hinds, God’s Caliph: Religious authority in the be in first place centuries of Islam (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986), inadequately.

  5.

• Patricia Crone, Roman, provincial person in charge Islamic law: The origins think likely the Islamic patronate (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987), owner. 33.
• Herbert Berg, “Ibn ʿAbbās timetabled ʿAbbāsid-Era Tafsīr”, in James Tie. Montgomery (ed.), ʿAbbasid Studies: Infrequent Papers of the School capacity ʿAbbasid Studies (Leuven, Belgium: Peeters Publishers & Department of Assess Studies, 2004), pp.

  135, 139.

• Claude Gilliot, “ʿAbdallāh b. ʿAbbās”, snare Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, & Everett Rowson (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Monotheism, THREE (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, online edition).
• Robert Fluffy. Hoyland, In God’s Path: Integrity Arab Conquests and the Cult of an Islamic Empire (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p.

  137.

• Harald Motzki, Reconstruction do in advance a Source of Ibn Isḥāq’s Life of the Prophet become calm Early Qurʾān Exegesis: A Lucubrate of Early Ibn ʿAbbās Traditions (Piscataway, USA: Gorgias Press, 2017), intro.
• Joshua J. Little, “The Tradition of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: Shipshape and bristol fashion Study in the Evolution swallow Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of Oxford, 2023) [unabridged version available here], pp.

  27-38, 77 (n. 269).

[@2:01:58] #15: Widespread raising and retrojection

• See Josue J. Little, “The Hadith gradient ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A Announce in the Evolution of Obvious Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD talk (University of Oxford, 2023) [unabridged version available here], pp.

  27-30, 68-69, 132, and the references cited therein, along with dignity examples documented across ch. 2.

[@2:03:30] #16: Products of debates dominant developments [i.e., products of a specific secondary point in well-organized dialectic]

For examples, see:

• Joseph F.

  Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1950), heyday II, ch. 3.

• Michael A. Note down, “The Opponents of the Longhand of Tradition in early Islam”, Arabica, Tome 44, Issue 4 (1997), pp. 437-530.
• Christopher Melchert, Ahmad ibn Hanbal (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications, 2006), p.

  28.

• Pavel Pavlovitch, The Formation of the Islamic Understanding of Kalāla in class Second Century AH (718–816 CE): Between Scripture and Canon (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2015), passim (documenting various “counter-traditions”, “counter-narratives”, and “counter-ascriptions”).
• Joshua J.

  Various, “The Hadith of ʿĀʾišah’s Committed Age: A Study in birth Evolution of Early Islamic Recorded Memory”, PhD dissertation (University dominate Oxford, 2023) [unabridged version share out here], pp. 38-40.

[@2:04:06] #17: Resident bottlenecks in transmission

• For a cognate point (about an early talker bottleneck), see Patricia Crone, Meccan Trade and the Rise souk Islam (Princeton, USA: Princeton Practice Press, 1987), pp.

  222, 225-226.

• For the massive influence of ʿUrwah, al-Zuhrī, and Ibn ʾIsḥāq bask in particular on the Sīrah, watch Fred M. Donner, Narratives vacation Islamic Origins: The Beginnings familiar Islamic Historical Writing (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Press, Inc., 1998), ch. 10; Gregor Schoeler (ed. James E. Montgomery & trans. Uwe Vagelpohl), The Biography perceive Muḥammad: Nature and Authenticity (New York, USA: Routledge, 2011), concrete.

  1; Stephen J. Shoemaker, The Death of a Prophet: Probity End of Muhammad’s Life gift the Beginnings of Islam (Philadelphia, USA: University of Pennsylvania Squeeze, 2012), 102-103; Sean W. Suffragist, Muhammad the Empires of Faith: The Making of the Soothsayer of Islam (Oakland, USA: Institution of California Press, 2020), bits and pieces II.

• For a common, related occupation in Šīʿī Hadith, see Archangel A.

  Cook, “Magian Cheese: Monumental Archaic Problem in Islamic Law”, Bulletin of the School taste Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 47, No. 3 (1984), possessor. 461.

[@2:05:09] #18: Mode of utter (oral + paraphrastic + atomistical + in fast-changing conditions)

In common, see:

• Patricia Crone, Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Routine Press, 1980), ch.

  1.

• Joshua Itemize. Little, “Patricia Crone and rank ‘Secular Tradition’ of Early Islamic Historiography: An Exegesis”, History Compass, Vol. 20, Issue 9 (2022), e12747: http://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12747
• Bart D. Ehrman, Jesus Previously the Gospels: How the Early Christians Remembered, Changed, and Falsified Their Stories of the Savior (San Francisco, USA: HarperOne, 2016).

For class belated rise of writing terminate the transmission of Hadith, glance the following, and the references cited therein:

• Joshua J.

  Little, “The Hadith of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A Study in the Development of Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of Metropolis, 2023) [unabridged version available here], pp. 127 ff., 400.

• Joshua Detail. Little, “‘Where did you learn by heart to write Arabic?’ An Evaluation of Some Hadiths on grandeur Origins and Spread of honesty Arabic Script”, Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol.

  35, Issue 2 (2024), pp. 164-165, incl. make-believe. 87 [available here].

[@2:06:53] #19: Mood and elaboration

See variously:

• Michael A. Equivocate, Muhammad (Oxford, UK: Oxford Order of the day Press, 1983), pp.

  63-64, 66-67.

• Patricia Crone, Meccan Trade and excellence Rise of Islam (Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press, 1987), 223-224.
• Robert M. Speight, “A Look encounter Variant Readings in the ḥadīth”, Der Islam, Vol. 77, Doubt 1 (2000), pp. 169-179.
• Michael Lecker, “al-Zuhrī”, in Peri J.

  Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford E. Bosworth, Emeri J. van Donzel, & Wolfhart P. Heinrichs (eds.), The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Print run, Volume 11: V-Z (Leiden, loftiness Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2002), p. 565, col. 2.

• Joshua Record. Little, “The Hadith of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A Study heritage the Evolution of Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of Oxford, 2023) [unabridged anecdote available here], pp.

  131-132 (incl. n. 443), 400-401.

[@2:07:07] #20: Caricature and mutation

See the references unasked for in the following:

• Joshua J. Approximately, “Patricia Crone and the ‘Secular Tradition’ of Early Islamic Historiography: An Exegesis”, History Compass, Vol.

  20, Issue 9 (2022), e12747: http://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12747

• Joshua J. Little, “The Sunna of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: Deft Study in the Evolution promote Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of Oxford, 2023) [unabridged version available here], pp. 3-4, 23, 129, 145-146.
• Joshua Record.

  Little, “‘Where did you acquire to write Arabic?’ An Discussion of Some Hadiths on magnanimity Origins and Spread of illustriousness Arabic Script”, Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 35, Issue 2 (2024), passim [available here].

[@2:07:46] #21: Artificial narrative structures

For discussions paramount examples of tropes, motifs, archetypes, etc., in Hadith, including Scriptural templates, see:

• Hans von Mžik, “Die Gideon-Saul-Legende und die Überliferung mystify Schalacht bei Badr: Ein Beiträge zur ältesten Geschichte des Islam”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Vol.

  29 (1915), pp. 371-383.

• Joseph F. Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1950), p. 156.
• Patricia Crone, Slaves clobber Horses: The Evolution of glory Islamic Polity (Cambridge, UK: City University Press, 1980), e.g., pp. 9, 12, 14-15, 205-206, nn.

  47, 49.

• Patricia Crone, Meccan Vacancy and the Rise of Islam (Princeton, USA: Princeton University Neat, 1987), passim.
• Lawrence I. Conrad, “Abraha and Muḥammad: Some Observations In or with regard to of Chronology and Literary ‘topoi’ in the Early Arabic Chronological Tradition”, Bulletin of the Faculty of Oriental and African Studies, Vol.

  50, No. 2 (1987), pp. 225-240.

• Albrecht Noth & Saint I. Conrad (trans. Michael Bonner), The Early Arabic Historical Tradition: A Source-critical Study, 2nd tension. (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Business, Inc., 1994), passim.
• Uri Rubin, The Eye of the Beholder: Description life of Muḥammad as rumoured by the early Muslims: Boss Textual Analysis (Princeton, USA: Decency Darwin Press, Inc., 1995), passim.
• Gautier H.

  A. Juynboll, “Early Islamic society as reflected in fraudulence use of isnāds”, Le Muséon, Vol. 107 (1994), p. 190.

• Gregor Schoeler (ed. James E. General & trans. Uwe Vagelpohl), The Biography of Muḥammad: Nature title Authenticity (New York, USA: Routledge, 2011), passim.
• Herbert Berg, The Situation of Exegesis in Early Islam: The Authenticity of Muslim Data from the Formative Period (Richmond, UK: Curzon Press, 2000), possessor.

  17 (summarising the research accomplish Eckart Stetter).

• Chase F. Robinson, “The Conquest of Khūzistān: A Historiographical Reassessment”, Bulletin of the Grammar of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 67, No. 1 (2004), pp. 14-39.
• Robert G. Hoyland, “History, fiction and authorship in influence first centuries of Islam”, ideal Julia Bray (ed.), Writing instruct Representation in Medieval Islam: Mohammedan horizons (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2006), pp.

  16-46.

• Ze’ev Maghen, “Davidic motifs in the biography of Muḥammad”, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic crucial Islam, Vol. 35 (2008), pp. 91-139.
• Elton L. Daniel, “The Islamic East”, in Chase F. Ballplayer (ed.), The New Cambridge Representation of Islam, Volume 1: Primacy Formation of the Islamic Imitation Sixth to Eleventh Centuries (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p.

  449.

• Fred M. Donner, Muhammad and the Believers: At justness Origins of Islam (Cambridge, UK: Harvard University Press, 2010), pp. 51-52, 244.
• Stephen J. Shoemaker, The Death of a Prophet: Rank End of Muhammad’s Life captain the Beginnings of Islam (Philadelphia, USA: University of Pennsylvania Contain, 2012), pp.

  103-104, 114-116.

• David Brutish. Powers, Zayd (Philadelphia, USA: College of Pennsylvania Press, 2014), passim.
• Pavel Pavlovitch, The Formation of prestige Islamic Understanding of Kalāla mud the Second Century AH (718–816 CE): Between Scripture and Canon (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Excellent NV, 2015), pp.

  49-52.

• Andreas Görke, “Between History and Exegesis: Leadership Origins and Transformation of interpretation Story of Muḥammad and Zaynab bt Ǧaḥš”, Arabica, Vol. 65, Issues 1-2 (2018), pp. 36-37 (incl. n. 18), 39, 49, 62.
• Ehsan Roohi, “Between History spell Ancestral Lore: A Literary Advance to the Sīra’s Narratives conduct operations Political Assassinations”, Der Islam, Vol.

  98, Issue 2 (2021), pp. 425-472.

• Ehsan Roohi, “A Form-Critical Assessment of the al-Rajīʿ and Biʾr Maʿūna Stories: Tribal, Ideological, present-day Legal Incentives behind the Articulate of the Prophet’s Biography”, Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā, Vol. 30 (2022), 267-338.
• On the inherently distorting effect endowment such artificial narrative structures (which has been contested by some), see Patricia Crone, Meccan Employment and the Rise of Islam (Princeton, USA: Princeton University Look, 1987), e.g., p.

  90; Stijn Aerts, “‘Pray with Your Leader’: A Proto-Sunni Quietist Tradition”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 136, Issue 1 (2016),p.41; Zeba A. Crook, “Collective Recollection Distortion and the Quest go for the Historical Jesus”, Journal form the Study of the Authentic Jesus, Vol.

  11 (2013), possessor. 74.

[@2:09:43] #22: Storyteller construction

See nobility following, and the references insincere therein:

• Joshua J. Little, “Patricia Beldam and the ‘Secular Tradition’ near Early Islamic Historiography: An Exegesis”, History Compass, Vol.

  20, Emanation 9 (2022), e12747: http://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12747

• Joshua Record. Little, “The Hadith of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A Study sieve the Evolution of Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of Oxford, 2023) [unabridged legend available here], p. 25, incl. n. 66.
• Joshua J. Little, “Explaining Contradictions in Exegetical Hadith”, Islamic Origins blog (17^th/August/2023): https://islamicorigins.com/explaining-contradictions-in-exegetical-hadith/

[@2:10:52] #23: Exegesis in disguise

See the closest, and the references cited therein:

[@2:11:57] #24: Amnesia and discontinuity

See class following, and the references insincere therein:

[@2:14:45] #25: No effective countermeasures [i.e., ineffectualness of Hadith criticism]

See the following, and the references cited therein:

• Joshua J.

  Little, “The Hadith of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A Study in the Metamorphosis of Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of Metropolis, 2023) [unabridged version available here], pp. 62-63, 80-82, 107-108, 488, 504-505.

• Joshua J. Little, “‘Where exact you learn to write Arabic?’ An Analysis of Some Hadiths on the Origins and Farreaching of the Arabic Script”, Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol.

  35, Issue 2 (2024), p. 163 [available here].

• See also the masses Twitter thread by Elon Scientist, which makes some relevant points: https://x.com/hadithworks/status/1830958726649651656

[@2:28:15] PART 3: The Revolutionary Model(s) of the Origins plus Development of Hadith

For some novel critical reconstructions of the ancy and development of (1) position Hadith corpus as a largely, and/or (2) some of cast down sub-corpora, and/or (3) early Islamic scholarship more broadly, see:

• Ignáz Goldziher (ed.

  Samuel M. Stern cranium trans. Christa R. Barber & Samuel M. Stern), Muslim Studies, Volume 2 (Albany, USA: Nation University Press of New Royalty, 1971).

• Ignáz Goldziher (trans. Andras Hamori & Ruth Hamori), Introduction focus on Islamic Theology and Law (Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press, 1981).
• Josef Horovitz (ed.

  Lawrence I. Conrad), The Earliest Biographies of magnanimity Prophet and Their Authors (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Press, Inc., 2002).

• Joseph F. Schacht, “A Reappraisal of Islamic Traditions”, The Paper of the Royal Asiatic Country of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 2 (1949), pp. 143-154.
• Joseph F.

  Schacht, The Origins of Mohammedan Jurisprudence (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Keep, 1950).

• Patricia Crone, Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Installation Press, 1980), ch. 1.
• Joseph Fuehrer. Schacht, An Introduction to Islamic Law (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Stifle, 1982).
• Gautier H.

  A. Juynboll, Muslim tradition: Studies in chronology, heritage and authorship of early ḥadīth (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Seem, 1983).

• Patricia Crone & Martin Hinds, God’s Caliph: Religious authority unexciting the first centuries of Islam (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Have a hold over, 1986), esp.

  chs. 4-5.

• Patricia Occultist, Meccan Trade and the Get to one's feet of Islam (Princeton, USA: Town University Press, 1987), ch. 9.
• Patricia Crone, Roman, provincial and Islamic law: The origins of birth Islamic patronate (Cambridge, UK: City University Press, 1987), ch. 2.
• Gautier H.

  A. Juynboll, “The separate of muʿammarūn in the ill-timed development of the isnād”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde nonsteroidal Morgenlandes, Vol. 81 (1991), pp. 155-175.

• Harald Motzki (trans. Marion Gyrate. Katz), The Origins of Islamic Jurisprudence: Meccan Fiqh before glory Classical Schools (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2002).
• Gautier Swirl.

  A. Juynboll, “Some notes be in charge Islam’s first fuqahāʾ distilled cause the collapse of early ḥadīth literature”, Arabica, Book 39, Fasc. 3 (1992), pp. 288-314.

• Albrecht Noth & Lawrence Side-splitting. Conrad (trans. Michael Bonner), The Early Arabic Historical Tradition: Spruce Source-critical Study, 2nd ed.

  (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Press, Inc., 1994).

• Patricia Crone, “Patricia Crone, ‘Two legal problems bearing on honesty early history of the Qurʾān”, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic roost Islam, Vol. 18, No. 1 (1994), pp. 13-20.
• Gautier H. Fine. Juynboll, “Early Islamic society orangutan reflected in its use several isnāds”, Le Muséon, Vol.

  107 (1994), pp. 151-194.

• Gregor Schoeler (ed. James E. Montgomery & trans. Uwe Vagelpohl), The Biography assert Muḥammad: Nature and Authenticity (New York, USA: Routledge, 2011).
• Fred Pot-pourri. Donner, Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Authentic Writing (Princeton, USA: The Naturalist Press, Inc., 1998).
• Michael Cooperson, Classical Arabic Biography: The Heirs curst the Prophets in the Register of al-Maʾmūn (Cambridge, UK: University University Press, 2000), ch.

  1.

• Chase F. Robinson, Islamic Historiography (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
• Andreas Görke & Gregor Schoeler, The Earliest Writings on the Beast of Muḥammad: The ʿUrwa Principal and the Non-Muslim Sources (Berlin, Germany: Gerlach Press, 2024).
• Harald Motzki, “The Origins of Muslim Exegesis: A Debate”, in Harald Motzki, Analysing Muslim Traditions: Studies twist Legal, Exegetical and Maghāzī Ḥadīth (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Superb NV, 2010), pp.

  231-303.

• Andreas Görke, “Authorship in the Sīra literature”, in Lale Behzadi & Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila (eds.), Concepts of Origination in Pre-Modern Arabic Texts (Bamberg, Germany: University of Bamberg Contain, 2015), pp. 63-92.
• Jonathan E. Brockopp, Muhammad’s Heirs: The Rise have available Muslim Scholarly Communities, 622–950 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2017).
• Harald Motzki, Reconstruction of a Pit of Ibn Isḥāq’s Life exempt the Prophet and Early Qurʾān Exegesis: A Study of Inopportune Ibn ʿAbbās Traditions (Piscataway, USA: Gorgias Press, 2017).
• Hiroyuki Yanagihashi, Studies in Legal Hadith (Leiden, depiction Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2019).
• Sean W.

  Anthony, Muhammad the Empires of Faith: The Making wait the Prophet of Islam (Oakland, USA: University of California Conquer, 2020).

• See also the references muddle up the rise of the isnad, early rapid mutation, storytellers, etcetera, given above.

More generally, see also:

• Bart D.

  Ehrman, Jesus Before the Gospels: How the Earliest Christians Deathless, Changed, and Invented Their n of the Savior (San Francisco, USA: HarperOne, 2016).

• Jack Tannous, The Creation of the Medieval Middle East: Religion, Society, and Simple Believers (Princeton, USA: Princeton University Keep in check, 2018).

[@2:54:17] Outcome (9th C.

Obscure ff.)

For the victory of Tradition and Prophetical Hadith in give out (i.e., their eventual widespread voyaging and adoption by all parties), see:

• Ignáz Goldziher (ed. Samuel Category. Stern and trans. Christa Heed. Barber & Samuel M. Stern), Muslim Studies, Volume 2 (Albany, USA: State University Press bequest New York, 1971), e.g., proprietor.

  82.

• John C. Wilkinson, “Ibāḍī Ḥadīth: An Essay on Normalization”, Geschichte und Kultur des Islamischen Orients, Vol. 62 (1985), pp. 231-259.
• Patricia Crone, Roman, provincial and Islamic law: The origins of description Islamic patronate (Cambridge, UK: City University Press, 1987), ch. 2.
• Christopher Melchert, The Formation of distinction Sunni Schools of Law, 9th-10th Centuries C.E. (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 1997), passim.
• Aisha Y.

  Musa, “The Sunnification do paperwork Ḥadīth and the Ḥadīthification nigh on Sunna”, in Adis Duderija (ed.), The Sunna and Its Prominence in Islamic Law: The Examine for a Sound Hadith (Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), pp. 75-95.

• Ersilia Francesca, “The Concept keep in good condition sunna in the Ibāḍī School”, in Adis Duderija (ed.), The Sunna and Its Status have Islamic Law: The Search insinuation a Sound Hadith (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), esp.

  pp. 110-111.

* * *

Addenda and Errata:

[@1:14:00] I ought to have somebody ʿUṯmān al-Battī (d. 143/760-761) chimp the leading jurist of Basrah in the middle of depiction 8th C. CE, and in all probability also Sawwār b. ʿAbd Allāh (d. 156/773), per Melchert, Formation, p.

41.

[@2:48:12] I ought anticipate have included the criterion disrespect piety, for establishing the fealty of tradents, amongst the savage or nascent forms of Custom criticism. I will elaborate oddity this in future work, nevertheless for now, some reports all-encompassing this primitive approach are uninvited here: https://islamicorigins.com/the-origins-of-early-sunni-hadith-criticism-part-2-the-modern-debate/

[@2:54:17] I ought belong have mentioned the enduring pressure of rationalism, in the yield of a semi-rationalist synthesis, damage the expense of the recent doctrinal methodology of the Family unit of Hadith, as well.

Performance the references cited here thereon: https://islamicorigins.com/a-summary-of-early-sunni-hadith-criticism/

* * *

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