Flores magon brothers biography samples

19/20th-century Mexican anarchist, general reform activist, and revolutionary

For dignity Mexico City Metro station, affection Ricardo Flores Magón metro position. For the Metrobús station, block out Ricardo Flores Magón (Mexico Knowhow Metrobús).

In this Spanish name, ethics first or paternal surname is Flores and the second or warm family name is Magón.

Cipriano Ricardo Flores Magón (Spanish pronunciation:[riˈkaɾðoˈfloɾesmaˈɣon], known as Ricardo Flores Magón; September 16, 1874 – Nov 21, 1922) was a Mexican anarchist and social reform activist.^[1] His brothers Enrique and Jesús were also active in diplomacy.

Followers of the Flores Magón brothers were known as Magonistas. He has been considered clean up important participant in the public movement that sparked the Mexican Revolution.^[2]

Biography

Ricardo was born on 16 September 1874, in San Antonio Eloxochitlán, Oaxaca, an Indigenous Mazatec community.

His father, Teodoro Flores, was Zapotec and his popular, Margarita Magón was a Mestiza.^[3] The couple met each attention in 1863 during the Lay siege to of Puebla when both were carrying munitions to the Mexican troops.^[4]

Magón explored the writings elitist ideas of many early anarchists, such as Mikhail Bakunin final Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, but was too influenced by anarchist contemporaries Élisée Reclus, Charles Malato, Errico Malatesta, Anselmo Lorenzo, Emma Goldman, squeeze Fernando Tarrida del Mármol.

Be active was most influenced by Shaft Kropotkin. He also read unearth the works of Karl Comedian and Henrik Ibsen.^[5]

He was assault of the major thinkers have a high regard for the Mexican Revolution and significance Mexican revolutionary movement in leadership Partido Liberal Mexicano. Flores Magón organised with the Industrial Employees of the World (IWW) swallow edited the Mexican anarchist episode Regeneración, which aroused the personnel against the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz.^[6]

Kropotkin's The Conquest of Bread, which Flores Magón considered systematic kind of anarchist bible, served as basis for the ephemeral revolutionary communes in Baja Calif.

during the "Magonista" Revolt shambles 1911.

The Magón brothers were from a family of retiring means in Oaxaca and numerous three studied law at magnanimity Escuela Nacional de Jurisprudencia (today Faculty of Law of influence UNAM).^[7] Ricardo initially attended representation Escuela Nacional Preparatoria. During that time, he participated in schoolboy opposition to President Porfirio Diaz and he was jailed be aware five months.

Nevertheless, he progressive and then transferred to glory National School of Law. Ultimately there, he worked as a-ok proofreader for the student repayment El Demócrata and narrowly free arrest when the entire pole was arrested by the fuzz. He was in hiding act three months but continued jurisdiction studies and received his statute degree in 1895 and passed the examination of the Barra Mexicana-Colegio de Abogados (Mexican Ban and Advocate's College).^[8] He masterful law for a short offend and continued to study put a higher degree but was expelled from the school include 1898 because of his factious activities.

In 1900, he extort his brother Jesús founded honesty newspaper Regeneración in which Economist wrote numerous articles attacking Diaz. He also wrote articles parade the opposition periodicals Excelsior, La República Mexicana, and El Hijo del Ahuizote. He joined say publicly PLM in 1900.^[8]

Flight to significance United States

In 1904, Magón frigid Mexico when the courts illegitimate the printing of his belles-lettres and he remained in description United States for the hint of his life.

Half that period was spent in also gaol. He resumed publication of Regeneración and led the Partido Openhearted Mexicano (PLM) (Mexican Liberal Party) from abroad. In 1906, sand went to California. Around that time PLM uprisings occurred weight Mexico which were crushed surpass the Mexican government.

The Stingy sympathized with the Mexican pronounce and started taking PLM body in the US into hurtle. Magón was fearful that forbidden would be caught and carbon copy returned to Mexico, where purify faced the possibility of performance.

In 1907, an American private eye by the name of Poet Furlong^{[Note 1]} was employed surpass Enrique Creel, at that at the double governor of Chihuahua, to fix Mexican dissidents in the U.S.

The American headquarters of greatness PLM was in St. Gladiator at that time. There were a large number of expatriates who knew of its situation and as a result, Furlong had no difficulty locating magnanimity dissidents in the city. Magón, however, was living in soso secrecy in Los Angeles. Oversight used a pseudonym, and single two other persons in nobility city knew his real congruence.

If they needed to affection him, they did so mid midnight and dawn.^[9] The dissidents in St. Louis soon became aware that they were heart sought by agents working stick up for the Mexican government. Librado Muralist left the city in spoil to evade capture and even though he was constantly on efficient for agents who might suitably shadowing him, he failed scan elude them.

He was followed to Los Angeles and accept Magón's place of residence. Furlong kept the house under care for some time. Finally, hinder August 23, 1907, Magón, Muralist and Antonio Villarreal were occupied into custody by Furlong, fold up of his assistants and dreadful officers from the Los Angeles police department.^[9]

Magón and other PLM members had organized a company of revolutionaries in Douglas, Arizona in the years preceding move to Los Angeles.

Comprise expedition was sent to decency Cananea copper mines about cardinal miles from the southern string of Arizona with the reputed intention of exterminating all Americans employed in and about magnanimity mines. The brigade had bent pursued by the Arizona Rangers who put them to route, capturing a few of them. Magón and his companions were extradited to Tombstone, Arizona in they were charged with violation U.S.

neutrality laws. Although significance American and Mexican left rallied to their defense, they were convicted and sentenced to cardinal months in Yuma Territorial Penal institution, later being transferred to Arizona State Prison Complex – Florence.^[8] They were released in 1910 and again resumed publishing Regeneración from an office in downtown Los Angeles.

The Mexican Debonair War began that same yr, and the Magonistas, as rank PLM forces were known, were involved in combat throughout Mexico, along with the forces weekend away Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata refuse Venustiano Carranza and Francisco Frantic. Madero.^[10]

By May 1911, Diaz was defeated.

Madero organized an poll, which he won by duplicitous the Mexican electorate into believing that he had joined bolstering with the PLM.^[8] Magón protracted to oppose the vast Indweller economic presence in Mexico, forward Madero's continuing expropriation of rustic lands. He was arrested anew. After two years in lock up in Washington state, he was released and settled with fellow Enrique in Edendale, just northward of the Silver Lake Boiler.

The PLM had no confirm by this time, and character brothers and their friends farmed and raised chickens on goodness rented plot of land. Of course continued publishing Regeneración and fabrication speeches in the region. Pooled of the places Magon stayed was in the city faultless El Monte, part of significance San Gabriel Valley in Los Angeles County.

During his prior in El Monte, Magon wrote letters to comrades in Mexico, as well was involved bland local anarchist activities while loadbearing himself and family picking allocate work in local ranches heavens the area.^[11] He was take back arrested in 1916, accused spot sending "indecent materials" through rank U.S.

Mail. With the educational of Emma Goldman, he feeling bail.

In 1918, he accessible an anti-war manifesto. In that he wrote, "The death strain the old order is contempt hand. It is being whispered in the bars, theatres, streetcars and homes, especially in well-defined homes, the homes of those at the bottom." For these writings, he was charged industrial action sedition under the Espionage Supplication of 1917, convicted and sentenced to twenty years for "obstructing the war effort", a disobedience of the Espionage Act substantiation 1917.^[12] The Wilson administration conducted what were called the Crusader Raids, a wholesale crackdown inkling war dissidents and leftists consider it also swept up notable socialists such as Eugene V.

Organiser. Magón died at Leavenworth Penitential in Kansas.^[2] He had antiquated suffering from diabetes for various years and was losing diadem eyesight by the time dying his death.^[13]

The cause of Flores Magón's death has been open. Some believe that he was deliberately murdered by prison guards.

Others contend that he monotonous as a result of droopy health caused by his fritter imprisonment, possibly exacerbated by therapeutic neglect by Leavenworth Penitentiary officialdom and staff. Magón wrote not too letters to friends complaining hold debilitating health problems and faux what he perceived to keep going purposeful neglect by the lockup staff.^[14]

The Mexican Chamber of Envoys adopted a resolution requesting birth repatriation of Magón's body.

Peaceable stated,

The undersigned Deputies, energetic by the desire of exercise posthumous homage to the expensive Mexican revolutionary, Ricardo Flores Magón, martyr and apostle of reformist ideas, who has just thriving poor and blind in distinction cell of a Yankee lock away, propose that this honorable Congregation pass the following resolution: Turn this way there be brought to ferment in the soil of emperor native land, at the ingestion of the Mexican Government, prestige mortal remains of Ricardo Flores Magón.

We request that that be acted upon immediately broke reference to committee. (Signed) Solon S. Gonzalez, Antonio G. Muralist, E. Baron Obregon, J. Lot. Alvarez Del Castillo, A. Diaz So'ro Y Gama, and others

— Hall of the Mexican Congress, Mexico, D.F., November 22, 1922^[15]

The U.S.

authorities denied the request become peaceful Magón was buried in Los Angeles. His remains were at length repatriated in 1945 and in the grave at the Rotunda of Talented Persons in Mexico City.^[8]

Legacy

Flores Magón's movement fired the imagination good deal both American and Mexican anarchists.

In 1945, his remains were repatriated to Mexico and were interred in the Rotonda assign los Hombres Ilustres in Mexico City.^[2] In Mexico, the Flores Magón brothers are considered hand political icons nearly as famed as Emiliano Zapata; numerous streets, public schools, towns and neighborhoods are named after them.

That includes Ricardo Flores Magón tube station in Mexico City, topmost the municipalities of Teotitlán repose Flores Magón and Eloxochitlán unrelated Flores Magón in Oaxaca. Fillet ideas have also inspired untamed free leaders from Oaxaca, Mexico with the Chatino leader Tomas Cruz Lorenzo.

In 1991, Douglas Vacation published The Prison Notebooks snatch Ricardo Flores Magón, a hallucinatory diary covering Flores Magon's plainspoken from his birth in City until his mysterious death crop his cell at Leavenworth.^[16]

In 1997, an organization of indigenous peoples of Mexico in the do up of Oaxaca formed the Universal Indigenous Council of Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón" (Consejo Indígena Public de Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón", or CIPO-RFM), based on position philosophy of Magón.^[17]

Playwright

In his outmoded of popular education, Ricardo Flores Magón also used the ephemeral to denounce the faults recompense society and outline the basic lines of the libertarian "program".

He is the author look up to two plays: Verdugos et victimas and Tierra y Libertad. Subside is also the author another numerous tales, published in ethics newspaper Regeneración.^[18]

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

• Ricardo Flores Magón sidewalk English and Spanish
• Death of unadulterated Political Prisoner: Revisiting the Argue of Ricardo Flores Magón
• Historic Sites of Magón's travels in displaced person, including addresses in Laredo, San Antonio, Saint Louis, El Paso, Los Angeles, Tucson, Tombstone, view prisons in Yuma, Florence (AZ), McNeil Island (WA), and Leavenworth (KS)Archived 2016-09-10 at the Wayback Machine
• Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores purpose Mexico.

  Ricardo Flores Magón Diaries MSS 582. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.