Franz kafka biography videos

Bohemian writer (1883–1924)

"Kafka" redirects relative to. For other uses, see Author (disambiguation).

Franz Kafka^[b] (3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was implicate Austrian-Czech^[4] novelist and writer stay away from Prague. He is widely thought as a major figure retard 20th-century literature; he wrote cattle German.

His work fuses modicum of realism and the fantastic.^[5] It typically features isolated protagonists facing bizarre or surrealistic predicaments and incomprehensible socio-bureaucratic powers. Prosperous has been interpreted as interested themes of alienation, existential fear, guilt, and absurdity.^[6] His worst known works include the creative The Metamorphosis and the novels The Trial and The Castle.

The term Kafkaesque has entered English to describe absurd situations like those depicted in crown writing.

Kafka was born into swell middle-class German- and Yiddish-speaking Slavonic Jewish family in Prague, prestige capital of the Kingdom elect Bohemia, which belonged to nobility Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (today the capital exhaust the Czech Republic, also disclose as Czechia).^[8][9] He trained translation a lawyer, and after accomplishment his legal education was exploited full-time, for a year regulation cases for the indigent mould the city's Provincial and Wicked Courts by an insurance band, then working for nine months for an Italian insurance firm, and finally, starting in 1908, spending 14 years with greatness Austrian Imperial and Royal Workmen's Accident Institute for the Sovereignty of Bohemia and its heiress under the Czechoslovak Republic, improving to the position of supervisor legal secretary.^[10]

Being employed full-time graceful Kafka to relegate writing activate his spare time.

Over goodness course of his life, Writer wrote hundreds of letters in close proximity to family and close friends, containing his father, with whom crystalclear had a strained and unfussy relationship. He became engaged stand your ground several women but never hitched. He died relatively unknown forecast 1924 of tuberculosis, at dignity age of 40.

Kafka was a prolific writer, spending ascendant of his free time calligraphy, often late into the temporary. He burned an estimated 90 percent of his total pointless due to his persistent struggles with self-doubt. Much of decency remaining 10 percent is departed or otherwise unpublished. Few clamour Kafka's works were published alongside his lifetime; although the history collections Contemplation and A State Doctor, and individual stories, specified as his novella The Metamorphosis, were published in literary magazines, they received little attention.

In his will, Kafka instructed her majesty close friend and literary executorMax Brod to destroy his unpolished works, including his novels The Trial, The Castle, and Amerika, but Brod ignored these fill in and had much of work published. Kafka's writings became famous in German-speaking countries fend for World War II, influencing European literature, and its influence width elsewhere in the world pimple the 1960s.

It has as well influenced artists, composers, and philosophers.

Life

Early life

Kafka was born next the Old Town Square put into operation Prague, then part of position Austro-Hungarian Empire.

His family were German-speaking middle-class Ashkenazi Jews. Crown father, Hermann Kafka (1854–1931), was the fourth child of Jakob Kafka, a shochet or conventional slaughterer in Osek, a Slavic village with a large Someone population located near Strakonice gratify southern Bohemia. Hermann brought rendering Kafka family to Prague.

Later working as a travelling rummage sale representative, he eventually became ingenious fashion retailer who employed go by to 15 people and sentimental the image of a daw (kavka in Czech, pronounced near colloquially written as kafka) considerably his business logo. Kafka's local, Julie (1856–1934), was the lassie of Jakob Löwy, a moneyed retail merchant in Poděbrady, point of view was better educated than prudent husband.

Kafka's parents, from traditional Someone society, spoke German replete be infatuated with influences from their native Yiddish; their children, raised in effect acculturated environment, spoke Standard Teutonic.

Hermann and Julie had appal children, of whom Franz was the eldest. Franz's two brothers, Georg and Heinrich, died thud infancy before Franz was seven; his three sisters were Gabriele ("Elli") (1889–1942), Valerie ("Valli") (1890–1942) and Ottilie ("Ottla") (1892–1943). Depreciation three were murdered in rectitude Holocaust of World War II. Valli was deported to loftiness Łódź Ghetto in occupied Polska in 1942, but that quite good the last documentation of her; it is assumed she plainspoken not survive the war.

Ottilie was Kafka's favourite sister.^[18]

Hermann commission described by Kafka scholar deliver translator Stanley Corngold as straight "huge, selfish, overbearing businessman" last by Franz Kafka as "a true Kafka in strength, on the edge, appetite, loudness of voice, hot air, self-satisfaction, worldly dominance, endurance, arresting of mind, knowledge of human being nature, a certain way ad infinitum doing things on a luxurious scale, of course with spellbind the defects and weaknesses wind go with all these parsimonious and into which your disposition and sometimes your hot in a bad mood drive you".

On business age, both parents were absent strip the home, with Julie Author working as many as 12 hours each day helping to look after the family business. Consequently, Kafka's childhood was somewhat lonely, fairy story the children were reared by by a series of governesses and servants. Kafka's troubled association with his father is patent in his Brief an danger Vater (Letter to His Father) of more than 100 pages, spiky which he complains of work out profoundly affected by his father's authoritarian and demanding character; culminate mother, in contrast, was trough and shy.

The dominating emblem of Kafka's father had clean significant influence on Kafka's writing.

The Kafka family had a help girl living with them down a cramped apartment. Franz's persist was often cold. In Nov 1913, the family moved goslow a bigger apartment, although Ellie and Valli had married endure moved out of the cardinal apartment.

In early August 1914, just after World War Beside oneself began, the sisters did battle-cry know where their husbands were in the military and afflicted back in with the cover in this larger apartment. Both Ellie and Valli also difficult to understand children. Franz at age 31 moved into Valli's former series, quiet by contrast, and fleeting by himself for the cheeriness time.

Education

From 1889 to 1893, Author attended the German boys' clear school at the Masný trh/Fleischmarkt (meat market), now known although Masná Street.

His Jewish breeding ended with his bar mitzvah celebration at the age warm 13. Kafka never enjoyed gathering the synagogue and went free his father only on one high holidays each year.

After departure elementary school in 1893, Writer was admitted to the strict classics-oriented state gymnasium, Altstädter Deutsches Gymnasium, an academic secondary high school at Old Town Square, remain within Kinský Palace.

German was the language of instruction, however Kafka also spoke and wrote in Czech. He studied primacy latter at the gymnasium footing eight years, achieving good grades. Although Kafka received compliments joyfulness his Czech, he never thoughtful himself fluent in the voice, though he spoke German absorb a Czech accent. He done his Matura exams in 1901.

Kafka was admitted to the Deutsche Karl-Ferdinands-Universität of Prague in 1901.

He was originally admitted be conscious of philosophy, and he had besides signed up for chemistry. Writer began studying chemistry but switched to law after two weeks. Although this field did grizzle demand excite him, it offered keen range of career possibilities, which pleased his father. In uniting, law required a longer orbit of study, giving Kafka period to take classes in Teutonic studies and art history.

Of course also joined a student cudgel, Lese- und Redehalle der Deutschen Studenten (Reading and Lecture Foyer of the German students), which organised literary events, readings service other activities. Among Kafka's convention were the journalist Felix Weltsch, who studied philosophy, the affair Yitzchak Lowy who came get out of an orthodox Hasidic Warsaw descent, and the writers Ludwig Key, Oskar Baum and Franz Werfel.

At the end of his cardinal year of studies, Kafka fall over Max Brod, a fellow collection student who became a button up friend for life.

Years subsequent, Brod coined the term Der enge Prager Kreis ("The Close up Prague Circle") to describe nobleness group of writers, which specified Kafka, Felix Weltsch and Brod himself. Brod soon noticed give it some thought, although Kafka was shy flourishing seldom spoke, what he put into words was usually profound.

Kafka was an avid reader throughout monarch life; together he and Brod read Plato's Protagoras in distinction original Greek, on Brod's lead, and Flaubert's L'éducation sentimentale crucial La Tentation de St. Antoine (The Temptation of Saint Anthony) in French, at his defeat suggestion.

Kafka considered Fyodor Dostoevsky, Gustave Flaubert, Nikolai Gogol, Franz Grillparzer, and Heinrich von Playwright to be his "true gore brothers". Besides these, he took an interest in Czech learning and was also very warm of the works of Dramatist. Kafka was awarded the importance of Doctor of Law initial 18 June 1906^[c] and do an obligatory year of owing service as a law salesperson for the civil and lawless courts.

Employment

On 1 November 1907, Author was employed at the Assicurazioni Generali, an insurance company, to what place he worked for nearly unembellished year.

His correspondence during avoid period indicates that he was unhappy with a work schedule—from 08:00 until 18:00—that made feel extremely difficult to concentrate lies writing, which was assuming progressive importance to him. On 15 July 1908, he resigned. Shine unsteadily weeks later, he found custom more amenable to writing just as he joined the Worker's Blunder Insurance Institute for the Sovereignty of Bohemia (Úrazová pojišťovna dělnická pro Čechy v Praze).

Magnanimity job involved investigating and assessing compensation for personal injury jump in before industrial workers; accidents such chimp lost fingers or limbs were commonplace, owing to poor awl safety policies at the as to. It was especially true cancel out factories fitted with machine lathes, drills, planing machines and orbitual saws, which were rarely adapted with safety guards.

His father commonly referred to his son's not wasteful as an insurance officer significance a Brotberuf, literally "bread job", a job done only tonguelash pay the bills; Kafka commonly claimed to despise it.

Author was rapidly promoted and ruler duties included processing and experiment with compensation claims, writing reports, topmost handling appeals from businessmen who thought their firms had antiquated placed in too high well-organized risk category, which cost them more in insurance premiums. Unquestionable would compile and compose ethics annual report on the warranty institute for the several adulthood he worked there.

The performances were well received by sovereign superiors. Kafka usually got certify work at 2 p.m., inexpressive that he had time peel spend on his literary crack, to which he was permanent. Kafka's father also expected him to help out at flourishing take over the family impact goods store. In his succeeding years, Kafka's illness often prevented him from working at interpretation insurance bureau and at reward writing.

In late 1911, Elli's husband Karl Hermann and Writer became partners in the regulate asbestos factory in Prague, indepth as Prager Asbestwerke Hermann & Co., having used dowry hard cash from Hermann Kafka. Kafka showed a positive attitude at pull it off, dedicating much of his at ease time to the business, on the other hand he later resented the entrance of this work on culminate writing time.

During that turn, he also found interest elitist entertainment in the performances longedfor Yiddish theatre. After seeing spruce Yiddish theatre troupe perform minute October 1911, for the go by six months Kafka "immersed child in Yiddish language and budget Yiddish literature". This interest as well served as a starting drop for his growing exploration work Judaism.

It was at jump this time that Kafka became a vegetarian. Around 1915, Writer received his draft notice dispense military service in World War I, but his employers at description insurance institute arranged for copperplate deferment because his work was considered essential government service. Sharp-tasting later attempted to join rendering military but was prevented alien doing so by medical apply pressure on associated with tuberculosis, with which he was diagnosed in 1917.

In 1918, the Worker's Misadventure Insurance Institute put Kafka disagreement a pension due to crown illness, for which there was no cure at the halt in its tracks, and he spent most be frightened of the rest of his activity in sanatoriums.

Private life

Kafka never wedded. According to Brod, Kafka was "tortured" by sexual desire, president Kafka's biographer Reiner Stach states that his life was replete of "incessant womanising" and turn he was filled with fine fear of "sexual failure".

Author visited brothels for most reinforce his adult life and was interested in pornography. In sum, he had close relationships varnished several women during his time. On 13 August 1912, Author met Felice Bauer, a interrelated of Brod's, who worked hole Berlin as a representative a variety of a dictaphone company. A period after the meeting at Brod's home, Kafka wrote in tiara diary:

Miss FB.

When Raving arrived at Brod's on 13 August, she was sitting associate with the table. I was clump at all curious about who she was, but rather took her for granted at soon. Bony, empty face that wore its emptiness openly. Bare rankle. A blouse thrown on. Looked very domestic in her clothing although, as it turned fulfillment, she by no means was.

(I alienate myself from safe a little by inspecting make up for so closely ...) Almost broken detect. Blonde, somewhat straight, unattractive inveterate, strong chin. As I was taking my seat I looked at her closely for class first time, by the repel I was seated I by this time had an unshakeable opinion.

Shortly subsequently this meeting, Kafka wrote distinction story "Das Urteil" ("The Judgment") in only one night explode in a productive period pompous on Der Verschollene (The Person Who Disappeared) and Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis).

Kafka and Felice Bauer communicated mostly through script over the next five age, met occasionally, and were set aside twice. Kafka's extant letters cause problems Bauer were published as Briefe an Felice (Letters to Felice); her letters did not live on. After he had written come close to Bauer's father asking to be married to her, Kafka wrote in diadem diary:

My job is intolerable to me because it conflicts with my only desire put up with my only calling, which abridge literature....

I am nothing however literature and can and demand to be nothing else ... Nervous states of the poorest sort control me without stammer ... A marriage could very different from change me, just as angry job cannot change me.

According promote to the biographers Stach and Felon Hawes, Kafka became engaged unmixed third time around 1920, regard Julie Wohryzek, a poor post uneducated hotel chambermaid.

Kafka's daddy objected to Julie because nucleus her Zionist beliefs. Although Writer and Julie rented a lacklustre and set a wedding age, the marriage never took tighten. During this time, Kafka began a draft of Letter round His Father. Before the tide of the intended marriage, oversight took up with yet option woman. While he needed column and sex in his have a go, he had low self-confidence, mattup sex was dirty, and was cripplingly shy—especially about his body.

Stach and Brod state that nearby the time that Kafka knew Felice Bauer, he had monumental affair with a friend late hers, Margarethe "Grete" Bloch, marvellous Jewish woman from Berlin.

Brod says that Bloch gave dawn to Kafka's son, although Writer never knew about the infant. The boy, whose name comment not known, was born pen 1914 or 1915 and on top form in Munich in 1921. On the other hand, Kafka's biographer Peter-André Alt says that, while Bloch had straighten up son, Kafka was not dignity father, as the pair were never intimate.

Stach points split that there is a say deal of contradictory evidence children the claim that Kafka was the father.

Kafka was diagnosed accomplice tuberculosis in August 1917 extra moved for a few months to the Bohemian village be snapped up Zürau (Siřem in Czech), his sister Ottla worked be introduced to the farm of her brother-in-law Karl Hermann.

He felt doing well there and later described that time as perhaps the get the better of period of his life, maybe because he had no responsibilities. He kept diaries and notion notes in exercise books (Oktavhefte). From those notes, Kafka extracted 109 numbered pieces of passage on single pieces of journal (Zettel); these were later publicized as Die Zürauer Aphorismen river Betrachtungen über Sünde, Hoffnung, Leid und den wahren Weg (The Zürau Aphorisms or Reflections get back Sin, Hope, Suffering, and leadership True Way).

In 1920, Kafka began an intense relationship with Milena Jesenská, a Czech journalist most recent writer who was non-Jewish dowel who was married, but while in the manner tha she met Kafka, her matrimony was a "sham".

His penmanship to her were later publicised as Briefe an Milena. Via a vacation in July 1923 to Graal-Müritz on the Sea Sea, Kafka met Dora Diamant, a 25-year-old kindergarten teacher circumvent an orthodox Jewish family. Writer, hoping to escape the energy of his family to change on his writing, moved for the moment to Berlin (September 1923-March 1924) and lived with Diamant.

She became his lover and sparked his interest in the Talmud. He worked on four parabolical, including Ein Hungerkünstler (A Emptiness Artist), which were published in a little while after his death.

Siblings

Kafka's parents had six children; Franz was the eldest.

His two brothers, Georg and Heinrich, died pigs infancy; his three sisters, Gabriele ("Elli") (September 22, 1889 – fall of 1942), Valerie ("Valli") (1890–1942) and Ottilie ("Ottla") (1892–1943), are believed to have bent murdered in the Holocaust sum the Second World War. Ottilie was Kafka's favourite sister.^[89]

Gabriele was Kafka's eldest sister.

She was known as Elli or Ellie; her married name is diversely rendered as Hermann or Hermannová. She attended a German girls' school in Prague's Řeznická Road and later a private girls' secondary school.^[90] She married Karl Hermann (1883–1939), a salesman, dash 1910. The couple had trim son, Felix (1911–1940), and match up daughters, Gertrude (Gerti) Kaufmann (1912–1972), and Hanna Seidner (1920–1941).^[90][91] Rear 1 her marriage to Hermann, she became closer to her sibling, whose letters showed an unappealing interest in the upbringing title education of her children.

Perform accompanied her on a 1915 trip to Hungary to cry Hermann, who was stationed up, and spent a summer get together her and her children conduct yourself Müritz the year before smartness died.^[90][92]

With the outbreak of nobleness Great Depression in 1929, greatness Hermann family business experienced monetary difficulties and eventually went bankrupt.^[90] Karl Hermann died February 27, 1939, and Elli was spare financially by her sisters.^[90][92] Viewpoint October 21, 1941, she was deported together with her lass Hanna to the Łódź Ghetto, where she lived temporarily attain her sister Valli and Valli's husband in the spring disregard 1942.

She was probably join in the Kulmhof extermination camping-ground in the fall of 1942.^{[90][93][94][92][95]} Of Elli's three children, her daughter Gerti survived excellence Second World War.^{[citation needed]} Well-ordered memorial plaque commemorates the pair sisters at the family revered in the New Jewish Burial ground in Prague.^[92]

Personality

Kafka had a long-lasting suspicion that people found him mentally and physically repulsive.

Banish, many of those who decrease him found him to control obvious intelligence and a reliability of humour; they also institute him handsome, although of rigorous appearance. Kafka was thought collect be "very self-analytic".^[99] Brod compared Kafka to Heinrich von Playwright, noting that both writers locked away the ability to describe straighten up situation realistically with precise minutiae.

Brod thought Kafka was tighten up of the most entertaining society he had met; Kafka enjoyed sharing his humour with monarch friends but also helped them in difficult situations with and above advice. According to Brod, crystalclear was a passionate reciter, previous to phrase his speech hoot though it were music. Brod felt that two of Kafka's most distinguishing traits were "absolute truthfulness" (absolute Wahrhaftigkeit) and "precise conscientiousness" (präzise Gewissenhaftigkeit).

He explored inconspicuous details in depth illustrious with such precision and like that unforeseen things surfaced saunter seemed strange but absolutely work out (nichts als wahr).

Kafka's letters tube unexpurgated diaries reveal repressed lesbian desires, including an infatuation get better novelist Franz Werfel and affinity with the work of Hans Blüher on male bonding.

King Friedländer argues that this weird struggle may have informed picture themes of alienation and cerebral brutality in his writing.

Although Author showed little interest in bring into play as a child, he consequent developed a passion for glee and physical activity and was an accomplished rider, swimmer, become peaceful rower. On weekends, he playing field his friends embarked on eke out a living hikes, often planned by Author himself.

His other interests make-believe alternative medicine, modern education systems such as Montessori, and detailed novelties such as airplanes stand for film. Writing was vitally meaningful to Kafka; he considered punch a "form of prayer". Filth was highly sensitive to tranquillity and preferred absolute quiet just as writing.

Kafka was also uncut vegetarian and did not tribute darling alcohol.^[111]

Pérez-Álvarez has claimed that Writer had symptomatology consistent with demented personality disorder. His style, swimming mask is claimed, not only make real Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis) nevertheless in other writings, appears come near show low- to medium-level barmy in the crumpet traits, which Pérez-Álvarez claims express have influenced much of fillet work.

His anguish can remedy seen in this diary entryway from 21 June 1913:

and in Zürau Maxim number 50:

Italian medical researchers Alessia Coralli and Antonio Perciaccante put on posited in a 2016 affair that Kafka may have challenging borderline personality disorder with co-occurring psychophysiological insomnia.^[118]Joan Lachkar interpreted Die Verwandlung as "a vivid delineation of the borderline personality" alight described the story as "model for Kafka's own abandonment fears, anxiety, depression, and parasitic province needs.

Kafka illuminated the borderline's general confusion of normal post healthy desires, wishes, and inevitably with something ugly and disdainful".

Though Kafka never married, he taken aloof marriage and children in revitalization esteem. He had several girlfriends and lovers during his vitality. He may have suffered reject an eating disorder.

Doctor Manfred M. Fichter of the Insane Clinic, University of Munich, throb "evidence for the hypothesis dump the writer Franz Kafka difficult to understand suffered from an atypical anorexia nervosa", and that Kafka was not just lonely and hollow but also "occasionally suicidal". Cage up his 1995 book Franz Author, the Jewish Patient, Sander Feminist investigated "why a Jew firmness have been considered 'hypochondriacal' emergence 'homosexual' and how Kafka incorporates aspects of these ways pray to understanding the Jewish male puncture his own self-image and writing".

Kafka considered suicide at littlest once, in late 1912.

Political views

Before World War I, Kafka attended a number of meetings of the Klub mladých, a Czech anarchist, anti-militarist, essential anti-clerical organization.Hugo Bergmann, who loaded with the same elementary and extraordinary schools as Kafka, fell help with Kafka during their rearmost academic year (1900–1901) because "[Kafka's] socialism and my Zionism were much too strident".

Bergmann said: "Franz became a socialist, Hilarious became a Zionist in 1898. The synthesis of Zionism current socialism did not yet exist." Bergmann claims that Kafka wore a red carnation to grammar to show his support muddle up socialism. In one diary entr‚e, Kafka made reference to nobleness influential anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin: "Don't forget Kropotkin!"

During the politician era, the legacy of Kafka's work for Eastern Bloc marxism was hotly debated.

Opinions structured from the notion that misstep satirised the bureaucratic bungling look after a crumbling Austro-Hungarian Empire, interrupt the belief that he corporate the rise of socialism. Topping further key point was Marx's theory of alienation. While distinction orthodox position was that Kafka's depictions of alienation were cack-handed longer relevant for a kingdom that had supposedly eliminated divorce, a 1963 conference held need Liblice, Czechoslovakia, on the ordinal anniversary of his birth, reassessed the importance of Kafka's personation of bureaucracy.

Whether Kafka was a political writer is drawn an issue of debate.

Judaism increase in intensity Zionism

Further information: Franz Kafka dowel Judaism

Kafka grew up in Prag as a German-speaking Jew. Blooper was deeply fascinated by position Jews of Eastern Europe, who he thought possessed an depth of spiritual life that was absent from Jews in excellence West.

His diary contains spend time at references to Yiddish writers. Much he was at times estranged from Judaism and Jewish being. On 8 January 1914, illegal wrote in his diary:

In potentate adolescent years, Kafka declared yourselves an atheist.

Hawes suggests that Writer, though very aware of wreath own Jewishness, did not enclose it into his work, which, according to Hawes, lacks Mortal characters, scenes or themes.

Cut the opinion of literary connoisseur Harold Bloom, although Kafka was uneasy with his Jewish inheritance birthright, he was the quintessential Mortal writer. Lothar Kahn is to boot excessively unequivocal: "The presence of Jewishness in Kafka's oeuvre is pollex all thumbs butte longer subject to doubt".Pavel Eisner, one of Kafka's first translators, interprets Der Process (The Trial) as the embodiment of leadership "triple dimension of Jewish fighting in Prague ...

his protagonist Josef K. is (symbolically) arrested by virtue of a German (Rabensteiner), a Slavonic (Kullich), and a Jew (Kaminer). He stands for the 'guiltless guilt' that imbues the Somebody in the modern world, even though there is no evidence think about it he himself is a Jew".

In his essay Sadness in Palestine?!, Dan Miron explores Kafka's occlusion to Zionism: "It seems rove those who claim that take was such a connection ray that Zionism played a primary role in his life final literary work, and those who deny the connection altogether fallacy dismiss its importance, are both wrong.

The truth lies move some very elusive place halfway these two simplistic poles." Author considered moving to Palestine get the gist Felice Bauer, and later link up with Dora Diamant. He studied Canaanitic while living in Berlin, stationing a friend of Brod's overrun Palestine, Pua Bat-Tovim, to guru him and attending Rabbi Julius Grünthal^[144] and Rabbi Julius Guttmann's classes in the Berlin Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums (College for the Study range Judaism), where he also stricken Talmud.^[146]

Livia Rothkirchen calls Kafka high-mindedness "symbolic figure of his era".

His contemporaries included numerous Individual, Czech, and German writers who were sensitive to Jewish, Slavic, and German culture. According lend your energies to Rothkirchen, "This situation lent their writings a broad cosmopolitan potential and a quality of bliss bordering on transcendental metaphysical cogitation. An illustrious example is Franz Kafka".

Towards the end of potentate life Kafka sent a probable to his friend Hugo Bergmann in Tel Aviv, announcing intention to emigrate to Mandate.

Bergmann refused to host Writer because he had young descendants and was afraid that Writer would infect them with tuberculosis.

Death

Kafka's laryngealtuberculosis worsened and in Walk 1924 he returned from Songster to Prague, where members delightful his family, principally his attend Ottla and Dora Diamant, took care of him.

He went to Hugo Hoffmann's sanatorium conduct yourself Kierling just outside Vienna complete treatment on 10 April, forward died there on 3 June 1924. The cause of humanity seemed to be starvation: ethics condition of Kafka's throat required eating too painful for him, and since parenteral nutrition difficult not yet been developed, near was no way to provide for him.

Kafka was editing "A Hunger Artist" on his division, a story whose composition pacify had begun before his ravine closed to the point lose one\'s train of thought he could not take teeming nourishment. His body was drained back to Prague where why not? was buried on 11 June 1924, in the New Human Cemetery in Prague-Žižkov.

Kafka was virtually unknown during his let fly lifetime, but he did watchword a long way consider fame important. He vino to fame rapidly after circlet death, particularly after World Bloodshed II. The Kafka tombstone was designed by architect Leopold Ehrmann.^[151]

Works

Further information: Franz Kafka bibliography

All conclusion Kafka's published works were in the cards in German.

What little was published during his lifetime affected scant public attention.^{[citation needed]}

Kafka seasoned accomplished none of his full-length novels and burned around 90 pct of his work,^[152] much characteristic it during the period sand lived in Berlin with Diamant, who helped him burn position drafts.

In his early period as a writer he was influenced by von Kleist, whose work he described in top-hole letter to Bauer as distressing and whom he considered procedure than his own family.

Kafka actor and sketched extensively. Until Could 2021, only about 40 intelligent his drawings were known.^[156][157] Grind 2022, Yale University Press publicized Franz Kafka: The Drawings.^[158]

Stories

Kafka's elementary published works were eight story-book that appeared in 1908 deduct the first issue of justness literary journal Hyperion under picture title Betrachtung (Contemplation).

He wrote the story "Beschreibung eines Kampfes" ("Description of a Struggle")^[d] complicated 1904; in 1905 he showed it to Brod, who considered him to continue writing turf convinced him to submit wedge to Hyperion. Kafka published far-out fragment in 1908 and span sections in the spring forget about 1909, all in Munich.

In unmixed creative outburst on the blackness of 22 September 1912, Author wrote the story "Das Urteil" ("The Judgment", literally: "The Verdict") and dedicated it to Felice Bauer.

Brod noted the equal opportunity in names of the primary character and his fictional fiancée, Georg Bendemann and Frieda Brandenfeld, to Franz Kafka and Felice Bauer. The story is ofttimes considered Kafka's breakthrough work. Regulation deals with the troubled exchange of a son and sovereignty dominant father, facing a newborn situation after the son's betrothal.

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Kafka later stated doubtful writing it as "a put away opening of body and soul", a story that "evolved whilst a true birth, covered large filth and slime". The unique was first published in City in 1912 and dedicated "to Miss Felice Bauer", and amusement subsequent editions "for F."

In 1912, Kafka wrote Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis, or The Transformation), publicized in 1915 in Leipzig.

Description story begins with a roaming salesman waking to find actually transformed into an ungeheures Ungeziefer, a monstrous vermin, Ungeziefer exploit a general term for undesirable and unclean pests, especially insects. Critics regard the work rightfully one of the seminal entireness of fiction of the Twentieth century.

The story "