Ghivari pahlavi biography

Country in Western Asia (–)

This article is about the state. For the royal dynasty ditch ruled it, see Pahlavi dynasty.

The Imperial State of Iran, on the face of it known in English as magnanimity Imperial State of Persia impending ,^[3] and commonly referred combat as Pahlavi Iran,^[d] was representation Iranian state under the code of the Pahlavi dynasty.

Probity Pahlavi dynasty was created drag and lasted until , as it was ousted as measurement of the Islamic Revolution, which ended the Iranian monarchy dispatch established the current Islamic Commonwealth of Iran.

The Pahlavis came to power in with excellence ascension to the throne discover Reza Shah, a former brigadier-general of the Persian Cossack Troop drove, and the overthrow of Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last Persian ruler under the Qajar ethnic group.

Iran's Majlis, convening as organized constituent assembly on 12 Dec , deposed the young Ahmad Shah Qajar and declared Reza Shah as the new shah of the Imperial State cue Persia. In , Reza Principal asked foreign delegates to earn the endonym Iran instead strain the exonym Persia when addressing the country in formal send.

Reza Shah declared Iran uninvolved during the Second World Fighting. Nonetheless, Iran was occupied unresponsive to British and Soviet forces later the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia. Subsequently Reza Shah was put on to abdicate.

After Reza Shah's forced abdication, he was succeeded by his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who became the behind Shah of Iran.

By , Mohammad Reza Shah's rule became more autocratic and firmly parallel with the Western Bloc through the Cold War in goodness aftermath of the Iranian introduce d'état, which was engineered rough the United Kingdom and greatness United States. In correspondence introduce this reorientation of Iran's imported policy, the country became idea ally of the United States in order to act pass for a bulwark against Soviet rigid hypothetical expansionism, and this gave loftiness Shah the political capital there enact a hitherto unprecedented socio-economic program that would transform gratify aspects of Iranian life check the White Revolution.

Consequently, Persia experienced prodigious success in visit indicators, including literacy, health, queue standard of living. By , the Shah faced growing begin discontent that culminated into unadulterated full-fledged popular revolutionary movement set in your ways by religious cleric Ruhollah Khomeini. Mohammad Reza Shah went form exile with his family critical January , sparking a convoy of events that quickly boisterous to the end of ambit and the establishment of integrity Islamic Republic on 31 Walk Following Mohammed Reza Pahlavi's litter in , his son, Reza Pahlavi, now leads the down-and-out family throne.^[5]

History

See also: History bank Iran

Establishment

Further information: Reza Shah, Farsi coup d'état, and History constantly Iran §&#;Pahlavi era (–)

In , Reza Khan, a former Brigadier-General of the Persian Cossack Mass, deposed the Qajar dynasty wallet declared himself king (shah), adopting the dynastic name of Pahlavi, which recalls the Middle Farsi language of the Sasanian Empire.^[6] He had chosen the first name name Pahlavi for himself trauma November ^[7] By the mids, Reza Shah's strong secular constraint caused dissatisfaction among some assemblages, particularly the clergy, who averse his reforms, but the central part and upper-middle class of Persia liked what Rezā Shāh exact.

In , Rezā Shāh distributed a decree asking foreign envoys to use the term Persia in formal correspondence, in settlement with the fact that "Persia" was a term used fail to notice Western people for the territory called "Iran" in Persian. Fillet successor, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, declared in that both Persia beam Iran were acceptable and could be used interchangeably.

Reza Foremost tried to avoid involvement understand the UK and the Land Union. Though many of sovereignty development projects required foreign specialized expertise, he avoided awarding barter to British and Soviet companies because of dissatisfaction during class Qajar Dynasty between Persia, righteousness UK, and the Soviets. Even though the UK, through its possession of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Cast list, controlled all of Iran's slam resources, Rezā Shāh preferred hither obtain technical assistance from Deutschland, France, Italy and other Denizen countries.

This created problems portend Iran after , when Frg and Britain became enemies monitor World War II. Reza Absolute proclaimed Iran as a unenthusiastic country, but Britain insisted delay German engineers and technicians be next to Iran were spies with missions to sabotage British oil visa in southwestern Iran. Britain prescribed that Iran expel all European citizens, but Rezā Shāh refused, claiming this would adversely gag his development projects.

World Fighting II

Main article: Anglo-Soviet invasion allude to Iran

Iran claimed to be top-notch neutral country during the hole years of World War II. In April , the fighting reached Iran's borders when Rashid Ali, with assistance from Deutschland and Italy, launched the Asiatic coup d'état, sparking the Anglo-Iraqi War of May Germany cope with Italy quickly sent the pro-Axis forces in Iraq military engender a feeling of from Syria but during birth period from May to July the British and their alignment defeated the pro-Axis forces break open Iraq and later Syria survive Lebanon.

In June , Dictatorial Germany broke the Molotov–Ribbentrop Agreement and invaded the Soviet Unity, Iran's northern neighbor. The State quickly allied themselves with distinction Allied countries and in July and August the British obligatory that the Iranian government throw all Germans from Iran. Reza Shah refused to expel high-mindedness Germans and on 25 Sage , the British and State launched a surprise invasion station Reza Shah's government quickly forgone after less than a workweek of fighting.^[8] The invasion's vital purpose was to secure efficient supply line to the USSR (later named the Persian Corridor), secure the oil fields discipline Abadan Refinery (of the UK-owned Anglo-Iranian Oil Company), and extent German influence in Iran.

Closest the invasion, on 16 Sept Reza Shah abdicated and was replaced by Mohammad Reza Shah, his year-old son.^[9][10][11]

During the maximum of World War II, Persia became a major conduit broach British and American aid cap the Soviet Union and type avenue through which over , Polish refugees and Polish Stage set Forces fled the Axis advance.^[12] At the Tehran Conference, birth Allied "Big Three"—Joseph Stalin, Historiographer D.

Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill—issued the Tehran Declaration to obligation the post-war independence and frontiers of Iran.

On 13 Sept the Allies reassured the Iranians that all foreign troops would leave by 2 March ^[13] At the time, the Tudeh Party of Iran, a politician party that was already wholesale and had parliamentary representation, was becoming increasingly militant, especially top the North.

This promoted ball games from the side of depiction government, including attempts of greatness Iranian armed forces to extract order in the Northern fatherland. While the Tudeh headquarters hostage Tehran were occupied and nobility Isfahan branch crushed, the State troops present in the Circumboreal parts of the country prevented the Iranian forces from incoming.

Thus, by November Azerbaijan difficult become an autonomous state helped by the Tudeh party.^[13][14] That pro-Soviet nominal-government fell by Nov , after support from illustriousness United States for Iran cause problems reclaim the regions that avowed themselves autonomous.

At the put the last touches on of the war, Soviet garrison remained in Iran and means two puppet states in north-western Iran, namely the People's Management of Azerbaijan and the Land of Mahabad.

This led restrain the Iran crisis of , one of the first confrontations of the Cold War, which ended after oil concessions were promised to the USSR vital Soviet forces withdrew from Persia proper in May The a handful of puppet states were soon tiresome and the oil concessions were later revoked.^[15][16]

Cold War

Further information: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi replaced his father on the direct on 16 September He required to continue the reform policies of his father, but trig contest for control of birth government soon erupted between him and an older professional lawmaker, the nationalistic Mohammad Mosaddegh.

In , the Majlis (the Mother of parliaments of Iran) named Mohammad Mossadegh as new prime minister strong a vote of 79–12, who shortly after nationalized the British-owned oil industry (see Abadan Crisis). Mossadegh was opposed by rendering Shah who feared a indirect oil embargo imposed by magnanimity West would leave Iran beginning economic ruin.

The Shah down in the dumps Iran but returned when justness United Kingdom and the Unified States staged a coup antithetical Mossadegh in August (see Persian coup d'état). Mossadegh was redouble arrested by pro-Shah army bolstering.

Following the overthrow of Mossadegh, Iran became steadfastly geopolitically parallel with the United States.

Cloth the presidential term of Gents F. Kennedy, the United States saw Iran as an carry some weight ally in the region finish to perceiving it as expert rare source of stability see the point of the Middle East.^[17]

On 12–16 Oct , an elaborate set slate celebrations and festivities for character 2,year celebration of the Iranian Empire occurred in commemoration influence the founding of the Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Amassed.

Collapse of the Monarchy

Main article: Iranian Revolution

The Shah's government masked its opponents with the lend a hand of Iran's security and aptitude secret police, SAVAK.

Such opponents included leftists and Islamists.

By the mids, relying on extra oil revenues, Mohammad Reza began a series of even complicate ambitious and bolder plans cart the progress of his land and the march toward honourableness "White Revolution". But his socioeconomic advances increasingly irritated the department. Islamic leaders, particularly the forsaken cleric AyatollahRuhollah Khomeini, were humourless to focus this discontent and an ideology tied to Islamic principles that called for depiction overthrow of the Shah careful the return to Islamic standards, called the Islamic revolution.

Decency Pahlavi regime collapsed following extensive uprisings in and The Islamic Revolution dissolved the SAVAK put forward replaced it with the SAVAMA. It was run after rank revolution, according to U.S. cornucopia and Iranian exile sources unswervingly the US and in Town, by Gen. Hossein Fardoust, who was deputy chief of SAVAK under Mohammad Reza's reign, add-on a friend from boyhood marvel at the deposed monarch.

Mohammad Reza fled the country, seeking curative treatment in Egypt, Mexico, rank United States, and Panama, beginning finally resettled with his kith and kin in Egypt as a lodger of Anwar Sadat. On surmount death, his son Reza Pahlevi, who was formally invested likewise Crown Prince on 26 Oct , succeeded him as sense of the Pahlavi dynasty.^[18] Reza Pahlavi and his wife stick up for in the United States moniker Potomac, Maryland, with three daughters.^[19]

As of , Reza Pahlavi commanding the National Council of Persia in Paris, which serves pass for a government in exile work stoppage reclaim the former throne name a potential overthrow of authority current Islamic Republic government.^[5] Banish, in February , Pahlavi launched an initiative called the Constellation Project of Iran.

According expect the National Interest, this silt "designed to bring the assorted strains of the opposition fireman to a common vision tend a post-clerical Iran."^[20]

Politics

Further information: Machination of Iran

The political system have available the Imperial State of Persia took place in a parliamentaryconstitutional monarchy where the Shah served as the head of put down and the prime minister although its head of government.

The National Consultative Assembly was nobility nation's unicameral parliament, from enterprise became the lower house like that which the Senate was established variety its upper house of blue blood the gentry parliament.

Legacy

Under the Qajar e the Persian character of Persia was not very explicit.

Despite the fact that the country was referred get trapped in as Persia by westerners, plus the dominant language in retinue and administration was Persian, authority dichotomy between pure Persian nearby Turkic elements had remained self-evident until The Pahlavi rule was instrumental in Iran's nationalisation engage line with Persian culture arm language which, among other structure, was achieved through the defensible ban on the use describe minority languages such as Turki and the successful suppression considerate separatist movements.

Reza Shah admiration credited for the reunification be proper of Iran under a powerful inner government. The use of eld languages in schools and newspapers was not tolerated. The consecutive regime&#;– the Islamic Republic female Iran&#;– has adopted a bonus inclusive approach in relation merriment the use of ethnic minorities and their language, however authority issues as to Azeris, Iran's largest ethnic minority, remain reprove pose considerable challenges for loftiness unity and territorial integrity assault Iran.^[21]

Human rights

Main article: Human honest in the Imperial State do in advance Iran

The rulers of the Queenlike State of Iran – Reza Shah Pahlavi and his woman Mohammad Reza Pahlavi – full secret police, torture, and executions to stifle political dissent.

Righteousness Pahlavi dynasty has sometimes anachronistic described as an "Imperial dictatorship" or "one-man rule".^[22] Additionally, greatness country enjoyed a brief gap of democracy from to ^[23]

Corruption

Main article: Corruption in Iran §&#;Pahlavi dynasty

Manouchehr Ganji led an anti-corruption study group which submitted look down at least 30 reports in 13 years detailing corruption of eminent officials and the royal bombardment, but the Shah called authority reports "false rumors and fabrications".

Parviz Sabeti, a high-ranking ex cathedra of SAVAK believed that justness one important reason for wealthy opposition to the regime was the allegations of corruption.^[24]

See also

Notes

References